Relevant Standards

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There are a multitude of standards across a number of Standards Development Organizations (SDOs) that are related to systems engineering and systems domains. This topic examines the types of standards and provides a summary of the relevant standards for systems engineering (SE).

Standards Taxonomies and Types of Standards

There are many types of standards that focus on different aspects of SE. Thus, it can be helpful to have a taxonomy that classifies the types of standards and the objective of each type. Table 1 provides the types of the current standards and a description of the types.

Table 1. Types of Systems Engineering Standards. (SEBoK Original)
Standard Type Description of Type
Concepts and Terminology
  • Defines the terminology and describes the concepts of a specific domain.
Process
  • Elaborates a specific process, giving normative requirements for the essential elements of the process. It may give guidance to the requirements.
Requirements
  • Describes the requirements for something.
  • Most often used for actions, activities, or practices and not objects (see specifications).
Procedure (Practice, Activity)
  • A specific procedure. Instructions or requirements on how to do something.
  • Could be a description of best practices.
  • Sometimes guidance and sometimes normative.
Guidance
  • Usually an interpretation and guidance of a published standard.
Management System
  • Requirements for management.
Specification
  • Specifies the form, attributes, or properties of a subject artifact.
  • Usually an object and usually normative.
Reference Model
  • A reference model or collection of specifications of which a reference model is composed.
Process Reference Model (PRM)
  • A collection of processes necessary and sufficient to achieve a nominated business outcome.
Process Assessment Model (PAM)
  • Requirements and guidance for assessing attributes of nominated processes or attributes of a nominated collection of processes.
Guide to Body of Knowledge (BOK)
  • Collects and describes the current body of knowledge in a domain, or guidance to the body of knowledge.

Systems Engineering Related Standards

Summary of Systems Engineering Related Standards

Table 2 contains a summary of SE related standards. This table does not include all SE related standards, as there are many are focused on a specific domain, sector, or user group (e.g., it does not include standards from a specific government agenda). The table does include standards that are considered to be widely applicable systems engineering and systems life cycle management system life cycle processes, such as ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 (2008). Where available, there is a link to the official abstract for the standard.

Table 2. Summary of Systems Engineering Standards. (SEBoK Original)
Document ID Document Title Organization
ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 Systems and Software Engineering - System Life Cycle Processes ISO/IEC/IEEE
ISO/IEC/IEEE 24765 Systems and Software Engineering - Systems and Software Engineering Vocabulary ISO/IEC/IEEE
ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010 Systems and Software Engineering - Architecture Description ISO/IEC/IEEE
ISO/IEC 26702 / IEEE 1220 Management of the Systems Engineering Process ISO/IEC/IEEE
ISO/IEC/IEEE 29148 Systems and Software Engineering - Requirements Engineering ISO/IEC/IEEE
ISO/IEC/IEEE 16085 Systems and Software Engineering - Risk Management ISO/IEC/IEEE
ISO/IEC/IEEE 15939 Systems and Software Engineering - Measurement Process ISO/IEC/IEEE
ISO/IEC/IEEE 16326 Systems and Software Engineering - Project Management ISO/IEC/IEEE
EIA 632 Engineering of a System Techamerica
ISO 9001 Quality Management System ISO
EIA 649 National Consensus Standard for Configuration Management Techamerica
ISO/IEC/IEEE TR 24748-1 Systems and Software Engineering - Guide to Life Cycle Management ISO/IEC/IEEE
ISO/IEC/IEEE TR 24748-2 Systems and Software Engineering - Guide To The Application of ISO/IEC 15288:2008 ISO/IEC/IEEE
ISO/IEC TR 16337 Systems Engineering Handbook ISO/IEC/INCOSE
ISO/IEC/IEEE 15289 Systems and Software Engineering - Content of Life-Cycle Information Products (Documentation) ISO/IEC/IEEE
ISO/IEC/IEEE 15026-1 Systems and Software Engineering - System and Software Assurance – Part 1: Concepts And Vocabulary ISO/IEC/IEEE
ISO/IEC/IEEE 15026-2 Systems and Software Engineering - System and Software Assurance – Part 2: Assurance Case ISO/IEC/IEEE
ISO/IEC/IEEE 15026-3 Systems and Software Engineering - System and Software Assurance – Part 3: Integrity Levels ISO/IEC/IEEE
ISO/IEC/IEEE 15026-4 Systems and Software Engineering - System And Software Assurance – Part 4: Assurance in the Life Cycle ISO/IEC/IEEE
ISO/IEC 24783 Guidelines for the Application of ISO 9001 to Systems Life Cycle Processes ISO/IEC
ISO 10303-233 Systems Engineering Data Interchange Standard ISO
ECSS-E-ST-10C Systems Engineering General Requirements ECSS
ECSS-E-ST-10-02 Space Engineering - Verification ECSS
ECSS-E-ST-10-06 Space Engineering - Technical Requirements Specification ECSS
ECSS-E-ST-10-24 Space Engineering - Interface Control ECSS
ECSS-M-ST-10 Space Project Management - Project Planning and Implementation ECSS
ECSS-M-ST-40 Space Project Management - Configuration and Information Management ECSS
ECSS-M-00-03 Space Project Management - Risk Management ECSS
ISO 31000 Risk Management - Principles and Guidelines ISO
ISO 31010 Risk Management - Risk Assessment Techniques ISO
ISO 19439 Enterprise Integration - Framework for Enterprise Modeling ISO
ISO 15704 Requirements for Enterprise - Reference Architectures and Methodologies ISO
EIA 748 Earned Value Management System Techamerica

Breadth and Level of Detail of Key Systems Engineering Related Standards

Figure 1 shows the level of detail and the coverage of the life cycle for some key standards or groups of standards.

Figure 1. Breadth and Depth of Key SE Related Standards (Adapted from Roedler 2011). Reprinted with permission of Garry Roedler. All other rights are reserved by the copyright owner.

Practical Considerations

Key pitfalls and good practices related to systems engineering standards are described in the next two sections.

Pitfalls

Some of the key pitfalls encountered in the selection and use of SE standards are provided in Table 3.

Table 3. Pitfalls in Using Systems Engineering Standards. (SEBoK Original)
Pitfall Name Pitfall Description
Turnkey Process Provision
  • Expecting the standard to fully provide your SE processes without any elaboration or tailoring.
No Need for Knowledge
  • Expecting that the standard can be used without any functional or domain knowledge since the standard is the product of collective industry knowledge.
No Process Integration
  • Lack of integrating the standards requirements with the organization or project processes.

Good Practices

Some good practices as gathered from the references and provided in Table 4.

Table 4. Good Practices in Using Systems Engineering Standards. (SEBoK Original)
Good Practice Name Good Practice Description
Tailor for Business Needs
  • Tailor the standard within conformance requirements to best meet business needs.
Integration into Project
  • Requirements of the standard should be integrated into the project via processes or product/service requirements.

References

Works Cited

Roedler, Garry. 2010. "An Overview of ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288, System Life Cycle Processes." Asian Pacific Council on Systems Engineering (APCOSE) Conference.

Roedler, Garry. 2011. "Towards Integrated Systems and Software Engineering Standards." National Defense Industrial Association (NDIA) Conference, San Diego, CA, USA.

Primary References

ANSI/EIA. 2003. Processes for Engineering a System. Philadelphia, PA, USA: American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/Electronic Industries Association (EIA), ANSI/EIA 632‐1998.

ISO/IEC/IEEE. 2008. Systems and Software Engineering - System Life Cycle Processes. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)/ Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288:2008.

ISO/IEC/IEEE. 2009. Systems and Software Engineering - System and Software Engineering Vocabulary. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)/ Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). ISO/IEC/IEEE 24765:2009.

ISO/IEC/IEEE. 2011. Systems and software engineering - Architecture description. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)/Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010.

ISO/IEC/IEEE. 2011. Systems and software engineering - Requirements engineering. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/International Electrotechnical Commission/ Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), (IEC), ISO/IEC/IEEE 29148.

Roedler, Garry. 2010. An Overview of ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288, System Life Cycle Processes. Asian Pacific Council on Systems Engineering (APCOSE) Conference.

Additional References

ISO. 2003. Space Systems - Risk Management. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO 17666:2003.

ISO. 2009. Risk Management—Principles and Guidelines. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO 31000:2009.

ISO/IEC. 2009. Risk Management—Risk Assessment Techniques]]. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), ISO/IEC 31010:2009.

ISO/IEC/IEEE. 2006. Systems and Software Engineering - Risk Management. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)/Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), ISO/IEC/IEEE 16085.

ISO/IEC/IEEE. 2007. Systems and Software Engineering - Measurement Process. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)/Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), ISO/IEC/IEEE 15939.

ISO/IEC/IEEE. 2009. Systems and Software Engineering - Project Management]]. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)/Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). ISO/IEC/IEEE 16326.

ISO/IEC/IEEE. 2009. Systems and Software Engineering - System and Software Assurance, Part 1: Concepts and definitions. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)/Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). ISO/IEC/IEEE 15026-1.

ISO/IEC/IEEE. 2010. Systems and Software Engineering - System and Software Assurance, Part 2: Assurance case. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)/Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). ISO/IEC/IEEE 15026-2.

ISO/IEC/IEEE. 2011. Systems and Software Engineering - Content of Life-Cycle Information Products (documentation). Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)/Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). ISO/IEC/IEEE 15289.

ISO/IEC/IEEE. 2011. Systems and Software Engineering - System and Software Assurance, Part 3: Integrity Levels. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)/Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). ISO/IEC/IEEE 15026-3.

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