Difference between revisions of "Systems Engineering Fundamentals"
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+ | '''''Lead Author:''''' ''Rick Adcock'', '''''Contributing Authors:''''' ''Janet Singer, Duane Hybertson, Gary Smith'' | ||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | This knowledge area (KA) provides a guide to some of the most important knowledge about {{Term|System (glossary)|system}} engineering fundamentals. System Engineering benefits from {{Term|Systems Thinking (glossary)|systems thinking}} in combination with an essential understanding of [[The Nature of Systems]]. It applies {{Term|Systems Approach (glossary)|systems approaches to practice}} grounded in {{Term|Systems Science (glossary)|systems science}}. | ||
+ | |||
+ | This is part of the wider systems knowledge, which can help to provide a common language and intellectual foundation and make practical systems {{Term|Concept (glossary)|concepts}}, {{Term|Principle (glossary)|principles}}, patterns and tools accessible to {{Term|Systems Engineering (glossary)|systems engineering}} (SE) as discussed in [[Foundations of Systems Engineering|Part 2: Foundations of Systems Engineering]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Topics== | ||
+ | Each part of the SEBoK is divided into KAs, which are groupings of information with a related theme. The KAs, in turn, are divided into topics. This KA contains the following topics: | ||
+ | *[[Introduction to System Fundamentals]] | ||
+ | *[[Systems Engineering Core Concepts]] | ||
+ | *[[Systems Engineering Principles]] | ||
+ | *[[Systems Engineering Heuristics]] | ||
+ | *[[Fundamentals for Future Systems Engineering]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Introduction== | ||
+ | A concept is a mental representation that can be shared with a word or other media such as visualizations, pictures or displays of emotion (Daniel-Allegro B, Smith G.R. 2016). [[Systems Engineering Core Concepts]] provide the mental building blocks that when brought together can support an expression of principles. “A principle is a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning”. | ||
+ | As an example, if you have three colors, red, blue, yellow (all words that serve as mental concepts). A principle is if you mix some yellow with some blue then you get green. A principle can provide guidance for acting with some certainty of the result. | ||
+ | Principles learnt from practical experience that yet lack a scientific understanding as to the explanation of “why” are referred to as {{Term|Heuristic (glossary)|heuristics}}. Often in the progression of science these observations of ‘what is happening’ form the starting point for asking the question ‘why does this happen’ and prompts research into the underpinning scientific theory. | ||
− | + | The evolution of [[Systems Engineering Heuristics]] and associated [[Systems Engineering Principles]] is described. The objective of system science is to provide the theoretical basis for these principles. | |
− | + | The word system is a concept used in many areas of human activity and at many levels. But what do System Engineers mean when they use the word system? The answer is surprisingly not as simple as you might think. | |
+ | (Sillitto, Griego et al. 2018) established in their research that there are at least seven distinct, and to a considerable extent mutually incompatible, worldviews on systems within a relatively small population of systems engineering experts in the INCOSE Fellows’ and System Science Working Group (SSWG) communities. | ||
+ | The worldviews identified ranged from constructivist (“systems are purely a mental construct”) to “extreme realist” (“systems only exist in the real world”). Some considered the threshold of systemness” to be as simple as “two or more inter-related elements”; while others demanded a wide range of attributes, including those of living systems, before considering something to be a system. | ||
− | + | That such a wide range of worldviews was discovered within the Systems Engineering community was a surprising result. We might expect to find an even wider range of worldviews across a more diverse community; but a non-rigorous examination of the results of the survey and of the wider literature suggests that the range of “system” worldviews held by the surveyed group of Systems Engineers is broadly representative of the systems field. | |
− | + | In the 2019 IFSR conversation “What is System Science?” (Metcalf, G.S., M.C. Edson, and G. Chroust, 2018), it was concluded that there would be great benefit to achieve a synthesis across the apparently conflicting worldviews of constructivism and realism, expressed in terms of these two key aspects: | |
− | + | a) the nature of systems in the physical universe; and | |
− | + | b) the way humans perceive and interact with systems. | |
− | + | ||
− | + | In practical terms, in the [[Introduction to Systems Engineering Fundamentals]], the concepts of {{Term|Open System (glossary)|open system}} and {{Term|Closed System (glossary)|closed system}} are explored. Open systems, described by a set of {{Term|Element (glossary)|elements}} and relationships, are used to describe many real world phenomena. Conceptually closed systems have no interactions with their {{Term|Environment (glossary)|environment}}. | |
− | + | ||
+ | Some systems classifications, characterized by type of element or by {{Term|Purpose (glossary)|purpose}}, are presented. | ||
− | + | An {{Term|Engineered System (glossary)|engineered system}} is defined within the SEBoK as encompassing combinations of technology and people in the context of natural, social, business, public or political environments, created, used and sustained for an identified purpose. The application of the [[Systems Approach Applied to Engineered Systems]] requires the ability to position {{Term|Problem (glossary)|problems}} or {{Term|Opportunity (glossary)|opportunities}} in the wider system containing them, to create or change a specific engineered {{Term|System-of-Interest (glossary)|system-of-interest}}, and to understand and deal with the consequences of these changes in appropriate wider systems. The concept of a {{Term|System Context (glossary)|system context}} allows all of the system elements and relationships needed to support this to be identified. | |
− | |||
− | + | Two particular aspects of the system phenomena {{Term|Complexity (glossary)|complexity}} and {{Term|Emergence (glossary)|emergence}}, are described in the System Science KA. Between them, these two concepts represent many of the challenges which drive the need for systems thinking and an appreciation of systems science in SE. In The Nature of Systems KA, a rich portrayal of the landscape of systems and the system phenomena is provided. | |
− | + | [[File:Fig_1_System_Fundamentals_and_Engineered_Systems_RA.png|thumb|center|800px|'''Figure 1. System Fundamentals and Engineered Systems.''' (SEBoK Original)]] | |
− | |||
− | |||
− | The discussions of engineered system contexts includes the | + | The discussions of engineered system contexts includes the general idea of groups of systems to help deal with situations in which the elements of an engineered system are themselves independent engineered systems. To help provide a focus for the discussions of how SE is applied to real world problems, four engineered system contexts are introduced in the KA: |
+ | #{{Term|Product System (glossary)}} context | ||
+ | #{{Term|Service System (glossary)}} context | ||
+ | #{{Term|Enterprise System (glossary)}} context | ||
+ | #{{Term|System of Systems (SoS) (glossary)}} context | ||
− | + | The details of how SE is applied to each of these contexts are described in [[Applications of Systems Engineering|Part 4: Applications of Systems Engineering]]. | |
==References== | ==References== | ||
===Works Cited=== | ===Works Cited=== | ||
− | + | Daniel-Allegro B, Smith G.R. (2016). Exploring the branches of the system landscape, Les editions Allegro Brigitte D. ISBN 978-2-9538007-1-5. | |
+ | |||
+ | Metcalf, G.S., M.C. Edson, and G. Chroust, Systems: from science to practice: Proceedings of the Nineteenth IFSR Conversation 2018, St. Magdalena, Linz, Austria. 2019: Books on Demand. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Sillitto, H., R. Griego, et al. (2018). What do we mean by “system”?–System Beliefs and Worldviews in the INCOSE Community. INCOSE International Symposium, Wiley Online Library. | ||
===Primary References=== | ===Primary References=== | ||
− | + | ||
+ | Bertalanffy, L., von. 1968. ''[[General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications]]'', rev. ed. New York, NY, USA: Braziller. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Magee, C. L., O.L. de Weck. 2004. "[[Complex System Classification|Complex system classification]]." Proceedings of the 14th Annual International Council on Systems Engineering International Symposium, Toulouse, France, 20-24 June 2004. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Rebovich, G., and B.E. White (eds.). 2011. ''[[Enterprise Systems Engineering: Advances in the Theory and Practice]]''. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Sheard, S.A. and A. Mostashari. 2009. "[[Principles of Complex Systems for Systems Engineering|Principles of complex systems for systems engineering]]." ''Systems Engineering'', vol. 12, no. 4. pp. 295-311. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Tien, J.M. and D. Berg. 2003. "[[A Case for Service Systems Engineering|A case for service systems engineering]]." ''Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering'', vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 13-38. | ||
===Additional References=== | ===Additional References=== | ||
− | + | None. | |
---- | ---- | ||
− | <center>[[Systems|< Previous Article]] | + | <center>[[Foundations of Systems Engineering|< Previous Article]] | [[Foundations of Systems Engineering|Parent Article]] | [[Introduction to Systems Engineering Fundamentals|Next Article >]]</center> |
− | |||
− | [[Category:Part 2]][[Category:Knowledge Area]] | + | [[Category:Part 2]] |
+ | [[Category:Knowledge Area]] | ||
− | + | <center>'''SEBoK v. 2.10, released 06 May 2024'''</center> |
Latest revision as of 22:03, 2 May 2024
Lead Author: Rick Adcock, Contributing Authors: Janet Singer, Duane Hybertson, Gary Smith
This knowledge area (KA) provides a guide to some of the most important knowledge about system engineering fundamentals. System Engineering benefits from systems thinking in combination with an essential understanding of The Nature of Systems. It applies systems approaches to practice grounded in systems science.
This is part of the wider systems knowledge, which can help to provide a common language and intellectual foundation and make practical systems concepts, principles, patterns and tools accessible to systems engineering (SE) as discussed in Part 2: Foundations of Systems Engineering.
Topics
Each part of the SEBoK is divided into KAs, which are groupings of information with a related theme. The KAs, in turn, are divided into topics. This KA contains the following topics:
- Introduction to System Fundamentals
- Systems Engineering Core Concepts
- Systems Engineering Principles
- Systems Engineering Heuristics
- Fundamentals for Future Systems Engineering
Introduction
A concept is a mental representation that can be shared with a word or other media such as visualizations, pictures or displays of emotion (Daniel-Allegro B, Smith G.R. 2016). Systems Engineering Core Concepts provide the mental building blocks that when brought together can support an expression of principles. “A principle is a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning”. As an example, if you have three colors, red, blue, yellow (all words that serve as mental concepts). A principle is if you mix some yellow with some blue then you get green. A principle can provide guidance for acting with some certainty of the result. Principles learnt from practical experience that yet lack a scientific understanding as to the explanation of “why” are referred to as heuristics. Often in the progression of science these observations of ‘what is happening’ form the starting point for asking the question ‘why does this happen’ and prompts research into the underpinning scientific theory.
The evolution of Systems Engineering Heuristics and associated Systems Engineering Principles is described. The objective of system science is to provide the theoretical basis for these principles.
The word system is a concept used in many areas of human activity and at many levels. But what do System Engineers mean when they use the word system? The answer is surprisingly not as simple as you might think.
(Sillitto, Griego et al. 2018) established in their research that there are at least seven distinct, and to a considerable extent mutually incompatible, worldviews on systems within a relatively small population of systems engineering experts in the INCOSE Fellows’ and System Science Working Group (SSWG) communities. The worldviews identified ranged from constructivist (“systems are purely a mental construct”) to “extreme realist” (“systems only exist in the real world”). Some considered the threshold of systemness” to be as simple as “two or more inter-related elements”; while others demanded a wide range of attributes, including those of living systems, before considering something to be a system.
That such a wide range of worldviews was discovered within the Systems Engineering community was a surprising result. We might expect to find an even wider range of worldviews across a more diverse community; but a non-rigorous examination of the results of the survey and of the wider literature suggests that the range of “system” worldviews held by the surveyed group of Systems Engineers is broadly representative of the systems field. In the 2019 IFSR conversation “What is System Science?” (Metcalf, G.S., M.C. Edson, and G. Chroust, 2018), it was concluded that there would be great benefit to achieve a synthesis across the apparently conflicting worldviews of constructivism and realism, expressed in terms of these two key aspects: a) the nature of systems in the physical universe; and b) the way humans perceive and interact with systems.
In practical terms, in the Introduction to Systems Engineering Fundamentals, the concepts of open system and closed system are explored. Open systems, described by a set of elements and relationships, are used to describe many real world phenomena. Conceptually closed systems have no interactions with their environment.
Some systems classifications, characterized by type of element or by purpose, are presented.
An engineered system is defined within the SEBoK as encompassing combinations of technology and people in the context of natural, social, business, public or political environments, created, used and sustained for an identified purpose. The application of the Systems Approach Applied to Engineered Systems requires the ability to position problems or opportunities in the wider system containing them, to create or change a specific engineered system-of-interest, and to understand and deal with the consequences of these changes in appropriate wider systems. The concept of a system context allows all of the system elements and relationships needed to support this to be identified.
Two particular aspects of the system phenomena complexity and emergence, are described in the System Science KA. Between them, these two concepts represent many of the challenges which drive the need for systems thinking and an appreciation of systems science in SE. In The Nature of Systems KA, a rich portrayal of the landscape of systems and the system phenomena is provided.
The discussions of engineered system contexts includes the general idea of groups of systems to help deal with situations in which the elements of an engineered system are themselves independent engineered systems. To help provide a focus for the discussions of how SE is applied to real world problems, four engineered system contexts are introduced in the KA:
- product system context
- service system context
- enterprise system context
- system of systems (sos) context
The details of how SE is applied to each of these contexts are described in Part 4: Applications of Systems Engineering.
References
Works Cited
Daniel-Allegro B, Smith G.R. (2016). Exploring the branches of the system landscape, Les editions Allegro Brigitte D. ISBN 978-2-9538007-1-5.
Metcalf, G.S., M.C. Edson, and G. Chroust, Systems: from science to practice: Proceedings of the Nineteenth IFSR Conversation 2018, St. Magdalena, Linz, Austria. 2019: Books on Demand.
Sillitto, H., R. Griego, et al. (2018). What do we mean by “system”?–System Beliefs and Worldviews in the INCOSE Community. INCOSE International Symposium, Wiley Online Library.
Primary References
Bertalanffy, L., von. 1968. General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications, rev. ed. New York, NY, USA: Braziller.
Magee, C. L., O.L. de Weck. 2004. "Complex system classification." Proceedings of the 14th Annual International Council on Systems Engineering International Symposium, Toulouse, France, 20-24 June 2004.
Rebovich, G., and B.E. White (eds.). 2011. Enterprise Systems Engineering: Advances in the Theory and Practice. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press.
Sheard, S.A. and A. Mostashari. 2009. "Principles of complex systems for systems engineering." Systems Engineering, vol. 12, no. 4. pp. 295-311.
Tien, J.M. and D. Berg. 2003. "A case for service systems engineering." Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 13-38.
Additional References
None.