UK West Coast Route Modernisation Project

The West Coast Main Line is a principal United Kingdom (UK) railway artery serving London, the Midlands, the North West and Scotland. The Line is responsible for over 2,000 train movements each day, with more than 75 million rail journeys made each year on the route. It accounts for 43% of Britain’s UK freight market (RailwayPeople 2011). In 1998, the British government embarked on a modernization program called the West Coast Route Modernisation (WCRM) project, to carry out a significant volume of modernization work between 1998 and 2008, delivering increased capacity and reduced journey times as well as replacing worn-out parts of the railway. It was challenging a job involving 640 kilometers of track—much of which was incapable of carrying high-speed rail cars. Some sections were seriously dilapidated, and new trains would require a complete overhaul of signaling, power supply, and switching systems.

This vignette is based on information from an INCOSE publication on systems engineering case studies (INCOSE 2011) and a report of the UK National Audit Office (NAO 2006).

Application domains: transportation, system of systems, system updates and upgrades

Application areas: services, enterprises

Vignette Description

Early on, the WCRM upgrade had serious problems. A major complicating factor was the introduction of a new signaling technology that was designed to allow improved services for new trains running at 140 miles per hour. By 2001, neither the rail infrastructure upgrade nor the new trains were on course for delivery as expected in the 1998 agreement. By May 2002 the projection of the program’s final cost had risen from £2.5 billion (in 1998) to £14.5 billion, but had delivered only a sixth of the original scope.

In January 2002, the UK Secretary of State instructed the Strategic Rail Authority (SRA) to intervene and find a way to renew and upgrade the WCML. A SRA analysis identified the following issues:

The program lacked direction and leadership before 2002.
The project did not have a delivery strategy and there was no central point for responsibility and communication.
There was a lack of openness and communication regarding the program with interested parties before 2002 and a lack of stakeholder management.
Scope changes arose because WCRM did not have an agreed specification which matched required outputs with inputs.
There was inadequate knowledge about the West Coast asset condition.
Technology issues related to the decision to replace conventional signaling with unproven moving block signaling introduced major risk into deliverability and cost before 2002. These technology issues caused scope changes and program delay.
Project management was weak, with a lack of senior management skills, too many changes in personnel, and ill-defined and fragmented roles and responsibilities. There was no integrated delivery plan and there was limited oversight of contractors. Poor management of contracts added to costs.

In order to remedy the situation the SRA initiated the following actions, which align with generally accepted systems engineering (SE) practice:

A clear direction for the project was developed and documented in the June 2003 West Coast Main Line Strategy, specifying desired goals and outcomes.
A clear, measurable set of program outputs was established, along with more detailed infrastructure requirements, which were then subject to systematic change control and monitoring procedures fixing scope. Contractors were invited to tender to complete detailed designs and deliver the work to a fixed price
Clear program governance structures were instituted.
The SRA consulted widely with stakeholders and in turn, kept stakeholders informed.

The NAO report concluded that the new arrangements worked well and that the benefits included: facilitating a more intrusive regime of obtaining possession of the track for engineering work through extended blockades, which was crucial to delivery as access had been the program's key constraint and one of the key cost drivers; and identifying opportunities to reduce the program cost by over £4 billion. The NAO report also discussed a business case analysis by the Strategic Rail Authority that identified the following benefits:

benefit:cost ratio for the enhancements element was 2.5:1.
journey times and train frequencies exceeded the targets set out in the 2003 West Coast Strategy
growth in passenger numbers exceeded expectations (e.g., by 2005-06, following Phase 1 of the West Coast programme, annual passenger journeys on Virgin West Coast grew by more than 20 per cent)
punctuality improved (e.g., by September 2006, on average, Virgin West Coast trains have been delayed by 9.5 minutes, a 43 per cent improvement on the average delay of 17 minutes in September 2004)

The WCRM problems could be associated with a number of system engineering concepts and practices: stakeholders requirements, planning, analysis of risks and challenges of new technology, decision management, change management, information management, and management oversight.

Summary

The WCRM project illustrates when SE concepts and practices are not used or applied properly, system development can experience serious debilitating problems. This project also demonstrates how such problems can be abated and reversed when system engineering principles and methods are applied.

References

Citations

INCOSE Transportation Working Group. 2011. Systems Engineering in Transportation Projects: A Library of Case Studies. Issue 1.0, March 9th, 2011.
NAO. 2006. The Modernisation of the West Coast Main Line, Report by the Comptroller And Auditor General. National Audit Office. HC 22 Session 2006-2007. November 22, 2006.
RailwayPeople. 2011. West Coast Route Modernisation. Available at, http://www.railwaypeople.com/rail-projects/west-coast-route-modernisation-3.html. Accessed July 25, 2011.

Primary References

None.

Additional References

None.

Article Discussion

Well written vignette except there are some typos and inconsistent use of American and English spelling e.g. program vs programme.

Could be improved with better cross-linkages.

Proposed editing to Summary:

When SE concepts and practices are not used or applied properly, system development can experience serious debilitating problems such as massive delays and cost overruns. This project also demonstrates how such problems can be abated and reversed when system engineering principles and methods are applied.

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