Difference between revisions of "Scope of the SEBoK"

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==Scope of Systems Engineering within the Systems Domain==
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The SEBoK is a large, curated compendium of information about {{Term|Systems Engineering (glossary)|systems engineering}}. It:
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The scope of SE and the SEBoK must consider all classes of systems, but focuses on the domain of Engineered Systems. A convenient way to define the scope of Engineered Systems and the SEBoK is to relate it to the two other main systems domains, Natural Systems and Social Systems, as shown in Figure 1 below.
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*is a guide to the body of SE knowledge which provides references to detailed sources for additional information; it is not a self-contained knowledge resource
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*focuses on {{Term|Engineered System (glossary)|Engineered Systems}} contexts, that is socio-technical systems with a recognized SE {{Term|Life Cycle (glossary)|life cycle}}, while treating social and natural systems as relevant and important environmental considerations (see [[Foundations of Systems Engineering|Part 2]])
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*describes generic SE life cycle and {{Term|Process (glossary)|process}} knowledge (see [[Systems Engineering and Management|Part 3]])
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*recognizes that SE principles can be applied differently to different types of {{Term|Product (glossary)|products}}, {{Term|Service (glossary)|services}}, {{Term|Enterprise (glossary)|enterprises}}, and {{Term|System of Systems (SoS) (glossary)|systems of systems}} (SoS) context (see [[Applications of Systems Engineering|Part 4]])
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*provides resources for organization support of SE activities (see [[Enabling Systems Engineering|Part 5]])
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*explores the interaction between SE and other disciplines, highlighting what systems engineers need to know about these disciplines (see [[Systems Engineering and Other Disciplines|Part 6]])
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*is domain-independent, with implementation examples to provide domain-specific context (see [[Systems Engineering Implementation Examples|Part 7]])
  
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[[File:Scope_SystemBoundaries.png|frame|500px|center|System Boundaries of Engineered Systems, Social Systems, and Natural Systems (Figure Developed for BKCASE)]]
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Each of these considerations depends upon the definition and scope of SE itself, which is the subject of the next section.
  
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The nature and relationships of these system domains is discussed in Part 2 of the SEBoK.  Part 2 considers the nature and purpose of systems generally, and how these ideas are used to ensure better engineered systems.  It covers this by considering:
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==SEBoK Purposes==
  
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*System Thinking, a way of understanding complex situations by looking at them as combinations of systems.  The paradox of systems thinking is that we can only truly understand a given system by considering all of its possible relationships and interactions, inside and outside of its boundary and in all possible future situations (of both system creation and life); but that this makes it impossible for people to understand a system or to predict all of the consequences of logical engineered changes to it.
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Ongoing studies of system cost and schedule failures (Gruhl & Stutzke 2005; Johnson 2006, GAO 2016) and safety failures (Leveson 2012) have shown that the failures have mostly come not from their domain disciplines, but from lack of adequate Systems Engineering (NDIA 2003, 2006, 2016).  To provide a foundation for the mutual understanding of SE needed to reduce these failures, the SEBoK describes the boundaries, terminology, content, and structure of SE. In so doing, the SEBoK systematically and consistently supports six broad purposes, described in Table 1.  
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*Systems Science, a collection of disciplines which have created useful knowledge by applying systems thinking to different aspects of the system domains.  The system sciences provide us with a number of ways to deal with the system thinking paradox.
 
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*Systems Approach, a way of tackling real world problems which makes use of the tools of system science to enable useful systems to be engineered and used. The key principle of the systems approach is that we must hide some of the detail of complex situations to allow us to focus on changes to a system element; but that we can consider the impact of any changes we might make across sufficient related system components to fit within acceptable commercial and social risks.
 
  
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The systems approach requires understanding of both Natural and Socio Technical systems to identify and scope engineering system problems or opportunities and to ensure that engineered systems can be deployed into real world situations to achieve their goals while not adversely impacting on other outcomes.
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{|
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|+ '''Table 1. SEBoK Purposes.''' (SEBoK Original)
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|-
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!#
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!Purpose
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!Description
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|-
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|1
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|Inform Practice
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|Inform systems engineers about the boundaries, terminology, and structure of their discipline and point them to useful information needed to practice SE in any application domain.
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|-
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|2
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|Inform Research
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|Inform researchers about the limitations and gaps in current SE knowledge that should help guide their research agenda. 
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|-
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|3
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|Inform Interactors
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|Inform performers in interacting disciplines (system implementation, project and enterprise management, other disciplines) and other stakeholders of the nature and value of SE.
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|-
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|4
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|Inform Curriculum Developers
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|Inform organizations defining the content that should be common in undergraduate and graduate programs in SE. 
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|-
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|5
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|Inform Certifiers
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|Inform organizations certifying individuals as qualified to practice systems engineering. 
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|-
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|6
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|Inform SE Staffing
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|Inform organizations and managers deciding which competencies practicing systems engineers should possess in various roles ranging from apprentice to expert.  
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|}
  
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The primary focus of the knowledge in SEBoK Parts 3 and 4 is on how to create or change engineered systems to fulfil the goals of all relevant stakeholders within these wider system contexts.
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The SEBoK is a guide to the body of SE knowledge, not an attempt to capture that knowledge directly. It provides references to more detailed sources of knowledge, all of which are generally available to any interested reader. No proprietary information is referenced, but not all referenced material is free—for example, some books or standards must be purchased from their publishers. The criterion for including a source is simply that the [[Acknowledgements and Release History|authors & editors]] believed it offered the best generally available information on a particular subject.
  
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The knowledge in SEBoK Parts 5 and 6 consider the need for SE itself to be integrated and supported within the human activity systems in which it is performed and the relationships between SE and other engineering and management disciplines.
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The SEBoK is global in applicability. Although SE is practiced differently from industry to industry and country to country, the SEBoK is written to be useful to systems engineers anywhere. The authors & editors were chosen from diverse locales and industries, and have refined the SEBoK to broaden applicability based on extensive global reviews of several drafts.
  
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==Scope of Systems Engineering (SE) within the Engineered Systems (ES) Domain==
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The SEBoK aims to inform a wide variety of user communities about essential SE concepts and practices in ways that can be tailored to different enterprises and activities while retaining greater commonality and consistency than would be possible without the SEBoK. Because the world in which SE is being applied continues to evolve and is dynamic, the SEBoK is designed for easy, continuous updating as new sources of knowledge emerge.
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However, the scope of SE does not include the entire ES domain.  Activities such as system construction, manufacturing, and their funding and management are similarly part of the SE environment, but (other than the management of the SE function) not a part of SE.  As is reflected in the International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) top-level definition of systems engineering (INCOSE 2010):
 
  
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<blockquote>An interdisciplinary approach and means to enable the realization of successful systems,</blockquote>
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==SEBoK Uses==
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The communities involved with SE include its various specialists, engineers from disciplines other than systems engineering, managers, researchers, and educators. This diversity means that there is no single best way to use the SEBoK. The SEBoK includes use cases that highlight potential ways that particular communities can draw upon the content of the SEBoK, identify articles of interest to those communities, and discuss primary users (those who use the SEBoK directly) and secondary users (those who use the SEBoK with assistance from a systems engineer). For more on this, see the article [[SEBoK Users and Uses]].
  
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SE can enable the realization of successful systems, but cannot ensure a successful realization if the systems’ funding, implementation, and manufacturing are poorly managed and executed.
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==SEBoK Domain Independent Context==
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The SEBoK uses language and concepts that are generally accepted for domain-independent SE. For example, the domain-independent conceptual foundations of SE are elaborated in [[Foundations of Systems Engineering|Part 2: Foundations of Systems Engineering]]. However, each of the numerous domains in which SE is practiced — including telecommunications, finance, medicine, and aerospace — has its own specialized vocabulary and key concepts. Accordingly, the SEBoK is designed to show how its domain-independent material relates to individual domains in two ways.   
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Again, a convenient way to define the scope of SE within the ES domain is to develop a Venn diagram showing the relations among SE,  SystremImplementation, and Project/Systems Management.   Here also, activities outside the SE boundary are still important SE environment considerations, such as analyzing alternative methods for production, testing, and operations. Note that Software Engineering also includes the Software Construction parts of SystemImplementation.  It is not a subset of Systems Engineering.
 
  
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[[File:Scope_BoundariesSE_PM_SM.png|400px|center|System Boundaries of Systems Engineering, Systems Development, and Project/Systems Management (Figure Developed for BKCASE)]]
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Firstly, by means of examples that tell stories of how SE is applied in particular domains. [[Systems Engineering Implementation Examples|Part 7: Systems Engineering Implementation Examples]] ) consists of examples (case studies and vignettes), each set in a particular domain such as aerospace, medicine, or software, and featuring vocabulary and concepts special to that domain. There are similar vignettes in some of the [[SEBoK Users and Uses|Use Cases]] in Part 1. These examples demonstrate the effect of domain on the application of SE and complement the domain-independent information elsewhere in the SEBoK. They show how a concept works in a given domain and provide a fair opportunity for reviewers to reflect on whether there are better ways to capture application-dependent aspects of SE knowledge.
  
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In addition, the SEBoK will contain knowledge areas in [[Applications of Systems Engineering|Part 4: Applications of Systems Engineering]] which explicitly describe the domain specific language, approaches, specialized processes and tools, etc. of particular application domains. In this version of the SEBoK, there are a limited set of domain knowledge areas. 
  
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Traditional definitions of SE have emphasized sequential performance of SE activities, e.g., (INCOSE 2010): “…documenting requirements, then proceeding with design synthesis…”.  For the SEBoK, we have emphasized the inevitable intertwining of system requirements definition and system design in the following revised definition of SE:
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==References==
  
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<blockquote>Systems Engineering (SE) is an interdisciplinary approach and means to enable the realization of successful systems. It focuses on holistically and concurrently understanding stakeholder needs; exploring opportunities; documenting requirements; and synthesizing, verifying, validating, and evolving solutions while considering the complete problem, from system concept exploration through system disposal.</blockquote>
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===Works Cited===
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GAO. 2016. ''Weapon System Requirements. Detailed Systems Engineering Prior to Product Development Positions Programs for Success''. Government Accounting Office Report to Congressional Committees.
  
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Part 2 of the SEBoK, Systems, elaborates on the definition above and offers additional definitions and elaborations, providing further context for the rest of the SEBoK.
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Gruhl, W. and Stutzke, R. 2005.  "Werner Gruhl analysis of SE investments and NASA overruns," in R. Stutzke, ''Estimating Software-Intensive Systems''. Boston, MA, USA: Addison Wesley, page 290.  
  
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==References==
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Johnson, J. 2006. ''My Life Is Failure: 100 Things You Should Know to Be a Better Project Leader''. Boston, MA, USA: Standish Group International.
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INCOSE. 2010. INCOSE systems engineering handbook, version 3.2. San Diego, CA, USA: International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE), INCOSE-TP-2003-002-03.2.
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Leveson, N. 2012. ''Engineering a Safer World: Systems Thinking Applied to Safety''. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press, NDIA (National Defense Industrial Association). 2003. ''Top 5 Systems Engineering Issues within DOD and Defense Industry: Task Report''. Version 9, released 1/23/03. Available at: [https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2006/systems/Wednesday/rassa5.pdf https://www.aticourses.com/sampler/TopFiveSystemsEngineeringIssues_In_DefenseIndustry.pdf]. Accessed October 25, 2019.
  
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Please make sure all references are listed alphabetically and are formatted according to the Chicago Manual of Style (15th ed). See the [http://www.bkcase.org/fileadmin/bkcase/files/Wiki_Files__for_linking_/BKCASE_Reference_Guidance.pdf BKCASE Reference Guidance] for additional information.
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NDIA (National Defense Industrial Association). 2006. '' Top 5 Systems Engineering Issues within DOD and Defense Industry DOD and Defense Industry: Task Report''. Version 8a, released July 26-27, 2006. Available at: https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2006/systems/Wednesday/rassa5.pdf. Accessed October 25, 2019.
  
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===Citations===
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NDIA (National Defense Industrial Association). 2016. ''Top Systems Engineering Issues In US Defense Industry 2016''. Version 7c. Available at: https://www.ndia.org/-/media/sites/ndia/divisions/systems-engineering/studies-and-reports/ndia-top-se-issues-2016-report-v7c.ashx?la=en. Accessed October 25, 2019.
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List all references cited in the article. Note:  SEBoK 0.5 uses Chicago Manual of Style (15th ed). See the [http://www.bkcase.org/fileadmin/bkcase/files/Wiki_Files__for_linking_/BKCASE_Reference_Guidance.pdf BKCASE Reference Guidance] for additional information.
 
  
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===Primary References===
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===Primary References===  
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All primary references should be listed in alphabetical order.  Remember to identify primary references by creating an internal link using the ‘’’reference title only’’’ ([[title]]).  Please do not include version numbers in the links.
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None.
  
 
===Additional References===
 
===Additional References===
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All additional references should be listed in alphabetical order.
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None.
  
 
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====Article Discussion====
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<center>[[Introduction to the SEBoK|< Previous Article]] | [[Introduction to the SEBoK|Parent Article]] | [[Structure of the SEBoK|Next Article >]]</center>
  
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[[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|[Go to discussion page]]]
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[[Category:Part 1]]
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[[Category:Introduction to the SEBoK]]
  
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<center>[[Context and Purpose of the SEBoK|<- Previous Article]] | [[SEBoK 0.5 Introduction|Parent Article]] | [[SE and Other Engineering Disciplines|Next Article ->]]</center>
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<center>'''SEBoK v. 2.9, released 20 November 2023'''</center>
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==Signatures==
 
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[[Category:Part 1]]
 

Latest revision as of 22:56, 18 November 2023

The SEBoK is a large, curated compendium of information about systems engineeringsystems engineering. It:

  • is a guide to the body of SE knowledge which provides references to detailed sources for additional information; it is not a self-contained knowledge resource
  • focuses on Engineered SystemsEngineered Systems contexts, that is socio-technical systems with a recognized SE life cyclelife cycle, while treating social and natural systems as relevant and important environmental considerations (see Part 2)
  • describes generic SE life cycle and processprocess knowledge (see Part 3)
  • recognizes that SE principles can be applied differently to different types of productsproducts, servicesservices, enterprisesenterprises, and systems of systemssystems of systems (SoS) context (see Part 4)
  • provides resources for organization support of SE activities (see Part 5)
  • explores the interaction between SE and other disciplines, highlighting what systems engineers need to know about these disciplines (see Part 6)
  • is domain-independent, with implementation examples to provide domain-specific context (see Part 7)

Each of these considerations depends upon the definition and scope of SE itself, which is the subject of the next section.

SEBoK Purposes

Ongoing studies of system cost and schedule failures (Gruhl & Stutzke 2005; Johnson 2006, GAO 2016) and safety failures (Leveson 2012) have shown that the failures have mostly come not from their domain disciplines, but from lack of adequate Systems Engineering (NDIA 2003, 2006, 2016). To provide a foundation for the mutual understanding of SE needed to reduce these failures, the SEBoK describes the boundaries, terminology, content, and structure of SE. In so doing, the SEBoK systematically and consistently supports six broad purposes, described in Table 1.

Table 1. SEBoK Purposes. (SEBoK Original)
# Purpose Description
1 Inform Practice Inform systems engineers about the boundaries, terminology, and structure of their discipline and point them to useful information needed to practice SE in any application domain.
2 Inform Research Inform researchers about the limitations and gaps in current SE knowledge that should help guide their research agenda.
3 Inform Interactors Inform performers in interacting disciplines (system implementation, project and enterprise management, other disciplines) and other stakeholders of the nature and value of SE.
4 Inform Curriculum Developers Inform organizations defining the content that should be common in undergraduate and graduate programs in SE.
5 Inform Certifiers Inform organizations certifying individuals as qualified to practice systems engineering.
6 Inform SE Staffing Inform organizations and managers deciding which competencies practicing systems engineers should possess in various roles ranging from apprentice to expert.

The SEBoK is a guide to the body of SE knowledge, not an attempt to capture that knowledge directly. It provides references to more detailed sources of knowledge, all of which are generally available to any interested reader. No proprietary information is referenced, but not all referenced material is free—for example, some books or standards must be purchased from their publishers. The criterion for including a source is simply that the authors & editors believed it offered the best generally available information on a particular subject.

The SEBoK is global in applicability. Although SE is practiced differently from industry to industry and country to country, the SEBoK is written to be useful to systems engineers anywhere. The authors & editors were chosen from diverse locales and industries, and have refined the SEBoK to broaden applicability based on extensive global reviews of several drafts.

The SEBoK aims to inform a wide variety of user communities about essential SE concepts and practices in ways that can be tailored to different enterprises and activities while retaining greater commonality and consistency than would be possible without the SEBoK. Because the world in which SE is being applied continues to evolve and is dynamic, the SEBoK is designed for easy, continuous updating as new sources of knowledge emerge.

SEBoK Uses

The communities involved with SE include its various specialists, engineers from disciplines other than systems engineering, managers, researchers, and educators. This diversity means that there is no single best way to use the SEBoK. The SEBoK includes use cases that highlight potential ways that particular communities can draw upon the content of the SEBoK, identify articles of interest to those communities, and discuss primary users (those who use the SEBoK directly) and secondary users (those who use the SEBoK with assistance from a systems engineer). For more on this, see the article SEBoK Users and Uses.

SEBoK Domain Independent Context

The SEBoK uses language and concepts that are generally accepted for domain-independent SE. For example, the domain-independent conceptual foundations of SE are elaborated in Part 2: Foundations of Systems Engineering. However, each of the numerous domains in which SE is practiced — including telecommunications, finance, medicine, and aerospace — has its own specialized vocabulary and key concepts. Accordingly, the SEBoK is designed to show how its domain-independent material relates to individual domains in two ways.

Firstly, by means of examples that tell stories of how SE is applied in particular domains. Part 7: Systems Engineering Implementation Examples ) consists of examples (case studies and vignettes), each set in a particular domain such as aerospace, medicine, or software, and featuring vocabulary and concepts special to that domain. There are similar vignettes in some of the Use Cases in Part 1. These examples demonstrate the effect of domain on the application of SE and complement the domain-independent information elsewhere in the SEBoK. They show how a concept works in a given domain and provide a fair opportunity for reviewers to reflect on whether there are better ways to capture application-dependent aspects of SE knowledge.

In addition, the SEBoK will contain knowledge areas in Part 4: Applications of Systems Engineering which explicitly describe the domain specific language, approaches, specialized processes and tools, etc. of particular application domains. In this version of the SEBoK, there are a limited set of domain knowledge areas.

References

Works Cited

GAO. 2016. Weapon System Requirements. Detailed Systems Engineering Prior to Product Development Positions Programs for Success. Government Accounting Office Report to Congressional Committees.

Gruhl, W. and Stutzke, R. 2005. "Werner Gruhl analysis of SE investments and NASA overruns," in R. Stutzke, Estimating Software-Intensive Systems. Boston, MA, USA: Addison Wesley, page 290.

Johnson, J. 2006. My Life Is Failure: 100 Things You Should Know to Be a Better Project Leader. Boston, MA, USA: Standish Group International.

Leveson, N. 2012. Engineering a Safer World: Systems Thinking Applied to Safety. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press, NDIA (National Defense Industrial Association). 2003. Top 5 Systems Engineering Issues within DOD and Defense Industry: Task Report. Version 9, released 1/23/03. Available at: https://www.aticourses.com/sampler/TopFiveSystemsEngineeringIssues_In_DefenseIndustry.pdf. Accessed October 25, 2019.

NDIA (National Defense Industrial Association). 2006. Top 5 Systems Engineering Issues within DOD and Defense Industry DOD and Defense Industry: Task Report. Version 8a, released July 26-27, 2006. Available at: https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2006/systems/Wednesday/rassa5.pdf. Accessed October 25, 2019.

NDIA (National Defense Industrial Association). 2016. Top Systems Engineering Issues In US Defense Industry 2016. Version 7c. Available at: https://www.ndia.org/-/media/sites/ndia/divisions/systems-engineering/studies-and-reports/ndia-top-se-issues-2016-report-v7c.ashx?la=en. Accessed October 25, 2019.

Primary References

None.

Additional References

None.

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