Difference between revisions of "Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering"

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'''''Lead Author:''''' ''Johann Demmel'', '''''Contributing Author:''''' ''Hillary Sillitto''
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'''''Lead Author:''''' ''Gregory S. Parnell'', '''''Contributing Authors:''''' ''C. Robert Kenley, Eric Specking, Ed Pohl''
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----Systems Engineering (SE) overlaps with many fields, such as Industrial Engineering (IE), Engineering Management, Operations Research, Project Management, and Design Engineering. In fact, the main Industrial Engineering body of knowledge, called the Industrial and Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge (ISEBoK) (IISE 2021), includes the word "systems" in its title and includes a section on systems design and engineering, which references the SEBoK. This article describes the similarities and differences between SE and IE based upon their respective standards, handbooks, and bodies of knowledge. Based on this assessment, this article describes potential roles that systems engineers and industrial engineers perform during a system’s life cycle.  
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<blockquote>''Industrial Engineering is concerned with the design, improvement and installation of integrated systems of people, materials, information, equipment and energy. It draws upon specialized knowledge and skill in the mathematical, physical, and social sciences together with the principles and methods of engineering analysis and design, to specify, predict, and evaluate the results to be obtained from such systems.'' (IIE 1992)</blockquote>
 
  
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{{Term|Industrial Engineering (glossary)|Industrial engineering}} (IE) encompasses several aspects of {{Term|Systems Engineering (glossary)|systems engineering}} (SE) (i.e., production planning and analysis, continuous process improvement, etc.) and also many elements of the engineered systems domain (production control, supply chain management, operations planning and preparation, operations management, etc.), as depicted in Figure 3 of the article [[Scope and Context of the SEBoK]].  
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= Introduction =
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When systems engineers and industrial engineers are in the same organization, they have different roles and responsibilities. While job titles vary by organization, many organizations have individuals that perform both SE and IE activities. This article tries to help systems engineers and industrial engineers better understand the different perspectives of the fields and the knowledge needed to meet the needs of their organizations and customers. The article compares the use of international standards and the contents of the bodies of knowledge for SE and IE.  
  
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This knowledge area covers the overarching aspects of industrial engineering and describes the synergies between IE and SE.  
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= Systems Engineering =
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The International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) is a “not-for-profit membership organization founded to develop and disseminate the interdisciplinary principles and practices that enable the realization of successful systems.” INCOSE defines systems engineering as<blockquote>''a transdisciplinary and integrative approach to enable the successful realization, use, and retirement of engineered systems, using systems principles and concepts, and scientific, technological, and management methods. (INCOSE 2021)''</blockquote>Here, the terms “engineering” and “engineered” are used in their widest sense: “the action of working artfully to bring something about.” “Engineered systems” may be composed of any or all of people, products, services, information, processes, and natural elements.
  
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==Overview of Industrial Engineering==
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INCOSE aligns its SE Handbook with ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288, System Life Cycle Processes, which focuses on processes. SEBoK  Part 3 [[Systems Engineering and Management]], which addresses the major SE technical and management processes, is also organized around 15288 process areas. In this view, SE is process oriented. Each edition of the SE Handbook aligns to an ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 edition. Figure 1 shows the 15288 processes and how they align with the SE Handbook and SEBoK topic areas. Later in this article, these SEBoK topics and knowledge areas are compared with the knowledge areas of IE. The knowledge areas in Figure 1 align with the system life cycle if started at the top of the first column and traversed to the bottom, continued at the bottom of the second column and traversed to the top, and then continued at the bottom of the third column and traversed to the top.
  
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Industrial engineers are trained to design and analyze the components of which man-machine systems are composed. They bring together individual elements that are designed via other engineering disciplines and properly synergize these subsystems together with the people components for a completely integrated man-machine system. Industrial engineers are focused on the improvement of any system that is being designed or evaluated.  They make individual human tasks more productive and efficient by optimizing flow, eliminating unnecessary motions, utilizing alternate materials to improve manufacturing, improving the flow of product through processes, and optimizing the configuration of workspaces. Fundamentally, the industrial engineer is charged with reducing costs and increasing profitability through ensuring the efficient use of human, material, physical, and/or financial resources (Salvendy 2001).
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[[File:Mapping_of_tech_topics_SEBoK_with_ISO_IEC_15288techPro_060612.jpg|thumb|700px|center|<center>'''Figure 1. Technical Topics of SEBoK Knowledge Areas Mapped to ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 Technical Processes.''' (SEBoK 2022)</center>]]
  
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A systems engineer leverages industrial engineering knowledge to provide:
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= Industrial Engineering =
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*production planning and analysis
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The Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers (IISE) states that it is “the only international, non-profit, professional society dedicated to advancing the technical and managerial excellence of industrial engineers.” (IISE 2021). IISE started in 1948 as the American Institute of Industrial Engineers. In 1981, the organization was renamed the Institute of Industrial Engineers to reflect its growing international membership. In 2016, the membership voted to change the name to the Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers. This addition reflects a vote by its membership and aligns with the “changing scope of the profession that, while keeping its industrial base, has seen more industrial and systems engineers working with large scale integrated systems in a variety of sectors”.
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*systems integration
 
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*lifecycle planning and estimating
 
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*change analysis and management
 
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*continuous process improvement
 
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*quality assurance
 
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*business case analysis / return on investment
 
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*engineering management
 
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*systems integration
 
  
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Industrial engineers complement systems engineers with knowledge in:
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At the turn of this century, industrial engineering was well reflected in two prominent publications: ''Handbook of Industrial Engineering'' (Salvendy 2001) and the fifth edition of ''Maynard's Industrial Engineering Handbook'' (Zandin 2001). Salvendy (2001) stated that industrial engineers are trained to design and analyze the components of which man-machine systems are composed. They bring together individual elements that are designed via other engineering disciplines and properly synergize these subsystems together with the people components for a completely integrated man-machine system. Industrial engineers are focused on the improvement of any system that is being designed or evaluated. They make individual human tasks more productive and efficient by optimizing flow, eliminating unnecessary motions, utilizing alternate materials to improve manufacturing, improving the flow of product through processes, and optimizing the configuration of workspaces. Fundamentally, the industrial engineer is charged with reducing costs and increasing profitability through ensuring the efficient use of human, material, physical, and/or financial resources.
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*supply chain management
 
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*budgeting and economic analysis
 
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*production line preparation
 
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*production
 
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*production control
 
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*testing
 
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*staffing, organizing, directing
 
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*cost, schedule, and performance monitoring
 
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*risk monitoring and control
 
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*operations planning and preparation
 
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*operations management
 
  
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==Industrial Engineering Body of Knowledge==
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The view of IE has evolved over the last two decades. IISE developed the IISE Body of Knowledge in 2021 (IISE 2021). The sixth edition of ''Maynard's Industrial Engineering Handbook'' (Zandin 2022) is expected to be published in 2022. The IISEBoK has 14 knowledge areas, as shown in Figure 2. The first 13 knowledge areas identify the Industrial Engineering knowledge. The fourteenth is Systems Design and Engineering, which references the SEBoK. The IISEBoK provides a short description of each knowledge area, a detailed outline of knowledge area topics, and a list of references. The IISEBoK does not use standards as its foundation. In fact, the Standard Practice for Systems Safety (MIL-STD-0-882D) is the only standard cited in the reference section. IISE does not currently have a handbook developed by or for the Institute, although Zandin (2022) is expected to align with the IISEBoK.
  
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The current overview of the industrial engineering body of knowledge is provided in the ''Handbook of Industrial Engineering'' (Salvendy 2001) and ''Maynard's Industrial Engineering Handbook'' (Zandin 2001). The Institute of Industrial Engineers (IIE 1992) is currently in the process of developing a specific industrial engineering body of knowledge.  Additionally, industrial engineering terminology defines specific terms related to the industrial engineering profession.  Definitions used in this section are from this reference.  Turner et al. (1992) provide an overview of industrial and systems engineering.
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[[File:IISE_BoK.jpeg|thumb|600px|center|''Figure 2. Industrial and Systems Engineering Knowledge Areas'' (IISE 2022, Used with Permission) [https://www.iise.org/BodyofKnowledge]]]
  
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The elements of IE include the following:
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The 14 topic areas included in the IISEBoK could be tied to many international standards even though the IISEBoK does not use standards as its foundation or provide references to standards in most of its topic areas.
  
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===Operations Engineering===
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= Venn Diagram Comparison =
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This section compares the two bodies of knowledge. Figure 3 is a Venn Diagram that identifies knowledge areas that are usually performed by systems engineers, ones usually performed by industrial engineers, and ones that are used by both disciplines.
  
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Operations engineering involves the management and control aspects of IE and works to ensure that all the necessary requirements are in place to effectively execute a business.  Key areas of knowledge in this field include: product and process life cycles, forecasting, project scheduling, production scheduling, inventory management, capacity management, supply chain, distribution, and logistics. Concepts such as materials requirements planning and enterprise resource planning find their roots in this domain.
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[[File:SE&IE_Venn.png|thumb|center|700px|''Figure 3. Venn Diagram'' (SEBoK Original]]
  
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===Operations Research===
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There are 11 primarily SE knowledge areas, 7 primarily IE knowledge areas, and 12 overlapping knowledge areas. Table 1 provides some illustrative examples of the differences in SE and IE focus in the overlapping knowledge areas.
  
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Operations research is the organized and systematic analysis of complex situations, such as if there is a spike in the activities of organizations of people and resources. The analysis makes use of certain specific disciplinary methods, such as probability, statistics, mathematical programming, and queuing theory. The purpose of operations research is to provide a more complete and explicit understanding of complex situations, to promote optimal performance utilizing the all the resources available. Models are developed that describe deterministic and probabilistic systems and these models are employed to aid the decision maker. Knowledge areas in operations research include linear programming, network optimization, dynamic programming, integer programming, nonlinear programming, metaheuristics, decision analysis and game theory, queuing systems, and simulation. Classic applications include the transportation problem and the assignment problem.
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{| class="wikitable"
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|+Table 1. Illustrative Examples of Differences in SE and IE Focus
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|-
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|Knowledge Area
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|Systems Engineering Focus
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|Industrial Engineering Focus
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|-
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|2. Operations Research (OR) and Analysis
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|OR and analysis is used in systems analysis to assess system performance and to evaluate system designs (Levis and Wagenhals 2000; Wagenhals, Shin, Kim, and Levis 2000; Wagenhals, Haider, and Levis 2003; Raz, Kenley, and DeLaurentis 2018)
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|OR and analysis is used to optimize operations, maintenance, and logistics. OR is also used to evaluate and optimize manufacturing systems.
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|-
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|5. Quality & Reliability Engineering
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|Quality and reliability requirements are treated as system-wide performance requirements (Buede and Miller 2016: 157-159; Wymore 1993: 401) that are assessed at the systems level. One example is availability, A<sub>0</sub>, which measures the degree to which a system is either operating or can operate at any time when used in its typical operational and support environment. (DA PAM 70-3 2008: 87)
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|Quality and reliability are used to evaluate and improve the manufacturing process of goods and services. Reliability is also used to evaluate and improve system operations.
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|-
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|6. Ergonomics and Human Factors
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|Ergonomics and human factors are considerations in assessing the potential usability of a system for end-users in an operational environment. According to Buede and Miller (2016: 180), “Performance elements of usability are ease of learning (learnability), ease of use (efficiency), ease of remembering (memorability), error rate, and subjectively pleasing (satisfaction).”
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|Ergonomics and human factors are used to assess and improve manufacturing and operational processes.  They are also used to assess and improve the actual usability of products and services.
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|-
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|9. Engineering Management
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|Engineering managers and SEs work with program managers to develop and improve new products and services.
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|Engineering managers and IEs support operations managers responsible for manufacturing processes and the operation of systems providing products and services.  
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|-
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|11. Information Engineering
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|Information Engineering is critical to the development of new products and services that are increasingly software intensive. Information engineering is relevant for model-based systems engineering software tools and databases, requirements management software tools and databases, and overall configuration management of the systems design and requirements baseline.
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|The Information Engineering knowledge area focuses on using data in information systems to facilitate decision-making and business communication.
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|-
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|13. Product Design and Development
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|SE focuses on the design of systems that provide products and services and the system life cycle. SE includes the technical processes for system design and verification and the technical management processes for project planning, assessment, and control; risk management; and decision management in the ''Systems Engineering Handbook'' (2015: 47-83, 104-121).
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|The knowledge area of the ISEBoK (2021: 53-46) focuses on the design of products and the product life cycle.  It closely parallels the technical processes for system design and development of SEBoK.
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|-
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|Systems Deployment
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|Systems engineers participate in defining requirements, defining the architecture, and verification and validation of deployment systems needed to the deploy the system of interest, e.g., special transport equipment such as the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA) that NASA used to transport Space Shuttle orbiters. (Jenkins 2000)
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|Industrial engineers are more focused on air, ground, water, and intermodal logistics to include transportation and distribution of systems and products.  
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|-
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|Updates, Upgrades, Modernization
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|Systems engineers are involved defining requirements, defining the architecture, and verification and validation of updates, upgrades, and modernization of systems. One way that this has been explained is that a second iteration of the systems engineering V-model is completed as the systems remains in service while a system change project is implemented (Ven, Talik, and Hulse 2012).
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|Industrial engineers are involved in manufacturing processes and supporting operations of systems to provide goods and services. Industrial engineers can help identify the need for updates, upgrades, and modernization of manufacturing and service processes and work with engineering managers, systems engineers, and design engineers to provide improved capabilities.
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|-
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|Service Life Extension
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|Systems engineers are involved in service life extension efforts in the same way that they are involved in updates, upgrades, and modernization of systems.
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|Industrial engineers are involved in service life extension efforts in the same way that they are involved in updates, upgrades, and modernization of systems.
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|-
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|System Maintenance
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|Systems engineers participate in defining requirements for maintenance across the life cycle of the system, determine the impact of maintenance constraints on the system requirements and the system architecture (Walden, et al. 2015: 97-98).
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|Industrial engineers provide engineering support to production processes maintenance and system maintenance to sustain operation of production and service processes and systems.  
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|-
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|Logistics
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|Systems engineers participate in defining requirements for logistics across the life cycle of the system, determine the impact of maintenance constraints on the system requirements and the system architecture (Walden, et al. 2015: 97-98).
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|Industrial engineers are very involved in logistics planning and operations including supply chain management, transportation, and distribution.
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|-
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|Disposal and Retirement
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|Systems engineers identify requirements, define the architecture, and verification and validation of disposal and retirement needed to the disposition or retire the system of interest, e.g., nuclear material stabilization processes and equipment needed to disposition fissile nuclear materials to enable shutdown of the nuclear production facilities (Kenley, et al. 1999).
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|Industrial engineers plan for disposal and retirement as part of their product design process.  Increasingly, industrial engineers must consider environmental impact and sustainability issues.
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|}
  
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===Production Engineering / Work Design===
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= Roles in a System Life Cycle =
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Systems engineers and industrial engineers play important roles in a system life cycle. Figure 4 modifies a format from Buede and Miller (2016). It shows the system life cycle stages and, based on analysis in the previous section, identifies and summarizes the major roles of systems engineers, industrial engineers, and design engineers.  Some processes have been aggregated to simplify the figure.
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[[File:SE&IE_lifecycle_view.png|thumb|center|700px|''Figure 4. Roles in a System Life Cycle.'' (SEBoK Original, adapted from Driscoll 2011)]]
  
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Production engineering is the design of a production or manufacturing process for the efficient and effective creation of a product.  Included in this knowledge area is classic tool and fixture design, selection of machines to produce product, and machine design.  Closely related to production engineering, work design involves such activities as process, procedural and work area design, which are geared toward supporting the efficient creation of goods and services.  Knowledge in work simplification and work measurement are crucial to work design.  These elements form a key foundation, along with other knowledge areas in IE, for lean principles.
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= Summary =
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In summary:
  
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===Facilities Engineering and Energy Management===
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* The SEBoK ''SE and Management'' Part is based on an ISO standard. IE has several related ISO standards. IISE does not link its body of knowledge to standards.
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* The SEBoK is more process focused, while IISEBoK focuses more on concepts and techniques.
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* SE and IE have overlapping bodies of knowledge.
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* The SEBoK and INCOSE's SE Handbook align with the system life cycle. The IISEBoK does not have an analogous organizing structure.
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* Systems engineers and industrial engineers both play important roles in the system life cycle with some overlapping responsibilities.
  
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Facilities engineering involves attempting to achieve the optimal organization in factories, buildings, and offices. In addition to addressing the aspects of the layout inside a facility, individuals in this field also possess knowledge of material and equipment handling as well as storage and warehousing. This area also involves the optimal placement and sizing of facilities according to the activities they are required to contain. An understanding of code compliance and use of standards is incorporated. The energy management aspect of this area encompasses atmospheric systems and lighting and electrical systems. Through the development of responsible management of resources in the energy management domain, industrial engineers have established a basis in sustainability.
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= References =
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===Works Cited===
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Buede, D.M, W.D. Miller. 2016. ''The Engineering Design of Systems: Models and Methods''. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley.
  
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===Ergonomics===
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DA PAM 70-3. 2008. ''Army Acquisition Procedures''. Pamphlet, January 28, 2008, Washington, DC, USA: Department of the Army.
  
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Ergonomics is the application of knowledge in the life sciences, physical sciences, social sciences, and engineering that studies the interactions between the human and the total working environment, such as atmosphere, heat, light and sound, as well as the interactions of all tools and equipment in the workplace. Ergonomics is sometimes referred to as ''human factors''. Individuals in this field have a specialized knowledge in areas such as: anthropometric principles, standing/sitting, repetitive task analysis, work capacity and fatigue, vision and lighting, hearing, sound, noise, vibration, human information processing, displays and controls, and human-machine interaction.  Members in this field also consider the organizational and social aspects of a project.
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Environmental Protection Agency. ''Guidelines for Preparing Economic Analyses''. Accessed November 19, 2021. Available at https://www.epa.gov/environmental-economics/guidelines-preparing-economic-analyses.  
  
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===Engineering Economic Analysis===
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IISE. 2021. ''IISE Body of Knowledge''. Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers (IISE). Accessed May 13, 2022. Available at https://www.iise.org/BodyofKnowledge.
  
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Engineering economic analysis concerns techniques and methods that estimate output and evaluate the worth of commodities and services relative to their costs. Engineering economic analysis is used to evaluate system affordability. Fundamental to this knowledge area are value and utility, classification of cost, time value of money and depreciation. These are used to perform cash flow analysis, financial decision making, replacement analysis, break-even and minimum cost analysis, accounting and cost accounting. Additionally, this area involves decision making involving risk and uncertainty and estimating economic elements. Economic analysis also addresses any tax implications.
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Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers website. ''Origins of IISE.'' Accessed November 13, 2021. Available at https://www.iise.org/details.aspx?id=295.
  
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===Quality and Reliability===
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International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) website. ''What is systems engineering?'' Accessed February 17, 2022. Available at https://www.incose.org/about-systems-engineering/system-and-se-definition/systems-engineering-definition. 
  
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Quality is the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs.  Reliability is the ability of an item to perform a required function under stated conditions for a stated period of time. The understanding of probability and statistics form a key foundation to these concepts. Knowledge areas in quality and reliability include: quality concepts, control charts, lot acceptance sampling, rectifying inspection and auditing, design of experiments, and maintainability. Six sigma has its roots in the quality domain; however, its applicability has grown to encompass a total business management strategy.
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International Organization for Standardization, standards website. Accessed November 14, 2021. Available at https://www.iso.org/standards.html.  
  
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===Engineering Management===
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ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288, 2015. ''Systems and software engineering-System life cycle processes''. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization.
  
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Engineering management refers to the systematic organization, allocation, and application of economic and human resources in conjunction with engineering and business practices. Knowledge areas include: organization, people, teamwork, customer focus, shared knowledge systems, business processes, resource responsibility, and external influences.
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Jenkins, D.R. 2000. ''Boeing 747-100/200/300/sp.'' Airliner tech series, version 6. North Branch, MN, US: Specialty Press Publishers and Wholesalers.
  
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===Supply Chain Management===
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Kenley, B., B. Scott, B. Seidel, D. Knecht, F. Southworth, K. Osborne, N. Chipman, and T.A. Creque. 1999. "Program to Stabilize Nuclear Materials as Managed by the Plutonium Focus Area." Proceedings of Waste Management 1999. Tucson, AZ, US.
  
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Supply chain management deals with the management of the input of goods and services from outside sources that are required for a business to produce its own goods and services. Information is also included as a form of input. Knowledge areas include: building competitive operations, planning and logistics, managing customer and supplier relationships, and leveraging information technology to enable the supply chain.
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Levis, A.H. and L.W. Wagenhals. 2000. "C4ISR architectures: I. Developing a Process for C4ISR Architecture Design" ''Systems Engineering.'' 3(4): 225-247.
  
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==References==
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Raz, A.K., C.R. Kenley, and D.A. DeLaurentis. 2018, "System Architecting and Design Space Characterization". ''Systems Engineering.'' 21(3): 227-242.
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===Works Cited===
 
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IIE. 1992. ''[[Industrial Engineering Terminology]]'', revised edition. Norwood, GA, USA: Institute of Industrial Engineers (IIE). Accessed March 7, 2012. Available: http://www.iienet2.org/Details.aspx?id=645.
 
  
 
Salvendy, G. (ed.) 2001. ''[[Handbook of Industrial Engineering, Technology and Operations Management]],'' 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 
Salvendy, G. (ed.) 2001. ''[[Handbook of Industrial Engineering, Technology and Operations Management]],'' 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  
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Turner, W.C., J.H. Mize, K.E. Case, and J.W. Nazemtz. 1992. ''Introduction to Industrial and Systems Engineering'', 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall.
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Van De Ken, M., J. Talik, and J. Hulse. 2012. "An Introduction to Applying Systems Engineering to In-Service Systems," Proceedings of the 2012 INCOSE International Symposium. 22(1):879-894. Rome, Italy. Accessed May 25, 2023. Available at https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2334-5837.2012.tb01377.x.
  
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Zandin, K.B. (ed.) 2001. ''[[Maynard's Industrial Engineering Handbook]]'', 5th ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill.
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Wagenhals, L.W., S. Haider, and A.H. Levis. 2003. "Synthesizing Executable Models of Object-Oriented Architectures." ''Systems Engineering,'' 6(4): 266-300.
  
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===Primary References===
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Wagenhals, L.W., I. Shin, D. Kim, and A.H. Levis. 2000. "C4ISR architectures: II. A Structured Analysis Approach for Architecture Design." ''Systems Engineering,'' 3(4): 248-287.
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IIE. 1992. ''[[Industrial Engineering Terminology]]'', revised edition. Norwood, GA, USA: Institute of Industrial Engineers (IIE). Accessed March 7, 2012. Available: http://www.iienet2.org/Details.aspx?id=645.
 
  
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Salvendy, G. (ed.) 2001. ''[[Handbook of Industrial Engineering, Technology and Operations Management]],'' 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Walden, D.D., G.J. Roedler, K.J. Forsberg, R.D. Hamelin, and T.M. Shortell (ed.). 2015. ''INCOSE'' ''Systems Engineering Handbook: A Guide for System Life Cycle Processes and Activities,'' 4<sup>th</sup> Edition. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley.
  
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Zandin, K.B. (ed.) 2001. ''[[Maynard's Industrial Engineering Handbook]],'' 5th ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill.
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Wymore, A.W. 1993. ''Model-Based Systems Engineering: An Introduction to The Mathematical Theory of Discrete Systems and to The Tricotyledon Theory of System Design.'' Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press.  
  
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===Additional References===
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Zandin, K.B. (ed.). 2001. ''[[Maynard's Industrial Engineering Handbook]]'', 5th ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill.
  
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=====Operations Engineering=====
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=== Primary References ===
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Salvendy, G. (ed.) 2001. ''[[Handbook of Industrial Engineering, Technology and Operations Management]],'' 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Hopp, W., and M. Spearman. 2001. ''Factory Physics,'' 3rd ed., New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill.
 
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Heizer, J., and B. Render. 2001. ''Operations Management,'' 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall.
 
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Mantel, S., J. Meredith, S. Shafer, and M. Sutton. 2008. ''Project Management in Practice.'' New York, NY, USA: John Wiley & Sons.
 
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=====Operations Research=====
 
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Banks, J., J. Carson, B. Nelson, and D. Nicol. 2005. ''Discrete-Event System Simulation,'' 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall.
 
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Hillier, F., and G. Lieberman. 2010. ''Introduction to Operations Research,'' 9th ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw Hill.
 
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Kelton, W. David, R. Sadowski, and D. Sturrock. 2006. ''Simulation with Arena,'' 4th ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill.
 
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Law, A. 2007. ''Simulation Modelling and Analysis,'' 4th ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill.
 
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Winston, W. and J. Goldberg. 2004. ''Operations Research Applications & Algorithms,'' Independence, KY, USA: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
 
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=====Production Engineering / Work Design=====
 
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Freivalds, A. 2009. ''Niebel's Methods, Standards, and Work Design,'' 12th ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill.
 
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Groover, M. 2007. ''Work Systems: The Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work,'' Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Pearson-Prentice Hall.
 
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Grover, M. 2007. ''Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing,'' 3rd ed. New York, NY, USA: John Wiley & Sons.
 
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Konz, S., and S. Johnson. 2008. ''Work Design: Occupational Ergonomics,'' 7th ed. Scottsdale, AZ, USA: Holcomb Hathaway.
 
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Meyers, F., and J. Stewart. 2001. ''Motion and Time Study for Lean Manufacturing,'' 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall.
 
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=====Facilities Engineering and Energy Management=====
 
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Garcia-Diaz, A., and J. MacGregor Smith. 2008. ''Facilities Planning and Design,'' Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Pearson-Prentice Hall.
 
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Tompkins, J., J. White, Y. Bozer, and J. Tanchoco. 2003. ''Facilities Planning,'' 3rd ed. New York, NY, USA: John Wiley & Sons.
 
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=====Ergonomics=====
 
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Chaffin, D., and G. Andersson. 1991. ''Occupational Biomechanics.'' New York, NY, USA: John Wiley & Sons.
 
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Wickens, C., S. Gordon, and Y. Liu. 2004. ''An Introduction to Human factors Engineering.'' Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Pearson-Prentice Hall.
 
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=====Engineering Economic Analysis=====
 
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Blank, L.T., and A.J. Tarquin. 2011. ''Engineering Economy,'' 7th ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill.
 
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Newnan, D., T. Eschenbach, and J. Lavelle. 2011. ''Engineering Economic Analysis,'' 11th ed. New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press.
 
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Parl, C. 2007. ''Fundamentals of Engineering Economics.'' Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall.
 
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Thuesen, G., and W. Fabrycky. 2001. ''Engineering Economy,'' 9th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall.
 
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=====Quality & Reliability=====
 
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Ebeling, C.E. 2005. ''An Introduction to Reliability and Maintainability Engineering.'' Long Grove, IL, USA: Waveland Press, Inc.
 
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Hawkins, D., and D. Olwell.  1998.  ''Cumulative Sum Chars and Charting for Quality Improvement.'' New York, NY, USA: Springer.
 
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Kiemele, M., S. Schmidt, and R. Berdine. 1999. ''Basic Statistics: Tools for Continuous Improvement'', 4th ed.  Colorado Springs, CO, USA: Air Academy Press.
 
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Montgomery, D., and G. Runger. 2007. ''Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers'', 4th ed.  Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons.
 
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Montgomery, D. 2013. ''Design & Analysis of Experiments,'' 8th ed.  Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons.
 
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Montgomery, D. 2009. ''Introduction to Statistical Quality Control'', 6th ed.  Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons.
 
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Quality Staff. 2006. ''Data Quality Assessment: Statistical Methods for Practitioners.'' Washington, D.C., USA: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
 
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=====Engineering Management=====
 
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Gido, J., and J. Clements. 2009. ''Successful Project Management.'' Cincinnati, OH, USA: South Western.
 
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Kersner, H. 2009. ''A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling,'' 10th ed. New York, NY, USA: John Wiley & Sons.
 
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=====Supply Chain Management=====
 
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Jacobs, F., and R. Chase. 2010. ''Operations and Supply Chain Management.'' New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill.
 
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Mentzer, J. 2004. ''Fundamentals of Supply Chain Management: Twelve Drivers of Competitive Advantage.'' Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: Sage.
 
  
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Zandin, K.B. (ed.). 2001. ''[[Maynard's Industrial Engineering Handbook]]'', 5th ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill.
  
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<center>[[Relationship between Systems Engineering and Geospatial/Geodetic Engineering|< Previous Article]] | [[Related Disciplines|Parent Article]] | [[Systems Engineering and Project Management|Next Article >]]</center>
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=== Additional References ===
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none.<center>[[Further Insights into Geospatial/Geodetic Engineering|< Previous Article]] | [[Related Disciplines|Parent Article]] | [[Systems Engineering and Project Management|Next Article >]]</center>
  
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<center>'''SEBoK v. 2.4, released 19 May 2021'''</center>
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<center>'''SEBoK v. 2.9, released 20 November 2023'''</center>
  
 
[[Category:Part 6]][[Category:Knowledge Area]]
 
[[Category:Part 6]][[Category:Knowledge Area]]

Latest revision as of 22:27, 18 November 2023

Lead Author: Gregory S. Parnell, Contributing Authors: C. Robert Kenley, Eric Specking, Ed Pohl

Systems Engineering (SE) overlaps with many fields, such as Industrial Engineering (IE), Engineering Management, Operations Research, Project Management, and Design Engineering. In fact, the main Industrial Engineering body of knowledge, called the Industrial and Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge (ISEBoK) (IISE 2021), includes the word "systems" in its title and includes a section on systems design and engineering, which references the SEBoK. This article describes the similarities and differences between SE and IE based upon their respective standards, handbooks, and bodies of knowledge. Based on this assessment, this article describes potential roles that systems engineers and industrial engineers perform during a system’s life cycle.

Introduction

When systems engineers and industrial engineers are in the same organization, they have different roles and responsibilities. While job titles vary by organization, many organizations have individuals that perform both SE and IE activities. This article tries to help systems engineers and industrial engineers better understand the different perspectives of the fields and the knowledge needed to meet the needs of their organizations and customers. The article compares the use of international standards and the contents of the bodies of knowledge for SE and IE.

Systems Engineering

The International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) is a “not-for-profit membership organization founded to develop and disseminate the interdisciplinary principles and practices that enable the realization of successful systems.” INCOSE defines systems engineering as

a transdisciplinary and integrative approach to enable the successful realization, use, and retirement of engineered systems, using systems principles and concepts, and scientific, technological, and management methods. (INCOSE 2021)

Here, the terms “engineering” and “engineered” are used in their widest sense: “the action of working artfully to bring something about.” “Engineered systems” may be composed of any or all of people, products, services, information, processes, and natural elements.

INCOSE aligns its SE Handbook with ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288, System Life Cycle Processes, which focuses on processes. SEBoK Part 3 Systems Engineering and Management, which addresses the major SE technical and management processes, is also organized around 15288 process areas. In this view, SE is process oriented. Each edition of the SE Handbook aligns to an ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 edition. Figure 1 shows the 15288 processes and how they align with the SE Handbook and SEBoK topic areas. Later in this article, these SEBoK topics and knowledge areas are compared with the knowledge areas of IE. The knowledge areas in Figure 1 align with the system life cycle if started at the top of the first column and traversed to the bottom, continued at the bottom of the second column and traversed to the top, and then continued at the bottom of the third column and traversed to the top.

Figure 1. Technical Topics of SEBoK Knowledge Areas Mapped to ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 Technical Processes. (SEBoK 2022)

Industrial Engineering

The Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers (IISE) states that it is “the only international, non-profit, professional society dedicated to advancing the technical and managerial excellence of industrial engineers.” (IISE 2021). IISE started in 1948 as the American Institute of Industrial Engineers. In 1981, the organization was renamed the Institute of Industrial Engineers to reflect its growing international membership. In 2016, the membership voted to change the name to the Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers. This addition reflects a vote by its membership and aligns with the “changing scope of the profession that, while keeping its industrial base, has seen more industrial and systems engineers working with large scale integrated systems in a variety of sectors”.

At the turn of this century, industrial engineering was well reflected in two prominent publications: Handbook of Industrial Engineering (Salvendy 2001) and the fifth edition of Maynard's Industrial Engineering Handbook (Zandin 2001). Salvendy (2001) stated that industrial engineers are trained to design and analyze the components of which man-machine systems are composed. They bring together individual elements that are designed via other engineering disciplines and properly synergize these subsystems together with the people components for a completely integrated man-machine system. Industrial engineers are focused on the improvement of any system that is being designed or evaluated. They make individual human tasks more productive and efficient by optimizing flow, eliminating unnecessary motions, utilizing alternate materials to improve manufacturing, improving the flow of product through processes, and optimizing the configuration of workspaces. Fundamentally, the industrial engineer is charged with reducing costs and increasing profitability through ensuring the efficient use of human, material, physical, and/or financial resources.

The view of IE has evolved over the last two decades. IISE developed the IISE Body of Knowledge in 2021 (IISE 2021). The sixth edition of Maynard's Industrial Engineering Handbook (Zandin 2022) is expected to be published in 2022. The IISEBoK has 14 knowledge areas, as shown in Figure 2. The first 13 knowledge areas identify the Industrial Engineering knowledge. The fourteenth is Systems Design and Engineering, which references the SEBoK. The IISEBoK provides a short description of each knowledge area, a detailed outline of knowledge area topics, and a list of references. The IISEBoK does not use standards as its foundation. In fact, the Standard Practice for Systems Safety (MIL-STD-0-882D) is the only standard cited in the reference section. IISE does not currently have a handbook developed by or for the Institute, although Zandin (2022) is expected to align with the IISEBoK.

Figure 2. Industrial and Systems Engineering Knowledge Areas (IISE 2022, Used with Permission) [1]

The 14 topic areas included in the IISEBoK could be tied to many international standards even though the IISEBoK does not use standards as its foundation or provide references to standards in most of its topic areas.

Venn Diagram Comparison

This section compares the two bodies of knowledge. Figure 3 is a Venn Diagram that identifies knowledge areas that are usually performed by systems engineers, ones usually performed by industrial engineers, and ones that are used by both disciplines.

Figure 3. Venn Diagram (SEBoK Original

There are 11 primarily SE knowledge areas, 7 primarily IE knowledge areas, and 12 overlapping knowledge areas. Table 1 provides some illustrative examples of the differences in SE and IE focus in the overlapping knowledge areas.

Table 1. Illustrative Examples of Differences in SE and IE Focus
Knowledge Area Systems Engineering Focus Industrial Engineering Focus
2. Operations Research (OR) and Analysis OR and analysis is used in systems analysis to assess system performance and to evaluate system designs (Levis and Wagenhals 2000; Wagenhals, Shin, Kim, and Levis 2000; Wagenhals, Haider, and Levis 2003; Raz, Kenley, and DeLaurentis 2018) OR and analysis is used to optimize operations, maintenance, and logistics. OR is also used to evaluate and optimize manufacturing systems.
5. Quality & Reliability Engineering Quality and reliability requirements are treated as system-wide performance requirements (Buede and Miller 2016: 157-159; Wymore 1993: 401) that are assessed at the systems level. One example is availability, A0, which measures the degree to which a system is either operating or can operate at any time when used in its typical operational and support environment. (DA PAM 70-3 2008: 87) Quality and reliability are used to evaluate and improve the manufacturing process of goods and services. Reliability is also used to evaluate and improve system operations.
6. Ergonomics and Human Factors Ergonomics and human factors are considerations in assessing the potential usability of a system for end-users in an operational environment. According to Buede and Miller (2016: 180), “Performance elements of usability are ease of learning (learnability), ease of use (efficiency), ease of remembering (memorability), error rate, and subjectively pleasing (satisfaction).” Ergonomics and human factors are used to assess and improve manufacturing and operational processes.  They are also used to assess and improve the actual usability of products and services.
9. Engineering Management Engineering managers and SEs work with program managers to develop and improve new products and services. Engineering managers and IEs support operations managers responsible for manufacturing processes and the operation of systems providing products and services.  
11. Information Engineering Information Engineering is critical to the development of new products and services that are increasingly software intensive. Information engineering is relevant for model-based systems engineering software tools and databases, requirements management software tools and databases, and overall configuration management of the systems design and requirements baseline. The Information Engineering knowledge area focuses on using data in information systems to facilitate decision-making and business communication.
13. Product Design and Development SE focuses on the design of systems that provide products and services and the system life cycle. SE includes the technical processes for system design and verification and the technical management processes for project planning, assessment, and control; risk management; and decision management in the Systems Engineering Handbook (2015: 47-83, 104-121). The knowledge area of the ISEBoK (2021: 53-46) focuses on the design of products and the product life cycle.  It closely parallels the technical processes for system design and development of SEBoK.
Systems Deployment Systems engineers participate in defining requirements, defining the architecture, and verification and validation of deployment systems needed to the deploy the system of interest, e.g., special transport equipment such as the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA) that NASA used to transport Space Shuttle orbiters. (Jenkins 2000) Industrial engineers are more focused on air, ground, water, and intermodal logistics to include transportation and distribution of systems and products.  
Updates, Upgrades, Modernization Systems engineers are involved defining requirements, defining the architecture, and verification and validation of updates, upgrades, and modernization of systems. One way that this has been explained is that a second iteration of the systems engineering V-model is completed as the systems remains in service while a system change project is implemented (Ven, Talik, and Hulse 2012). Industrial engineers are involved in manufacturing processes and supporting operations of systems to provide goods and services. Industrial engineers can help identify the need for updates, upgrades, and modernization of manufacturing and service processes and work with engineering managers, systems engineers, and design engineers to provide improved capabilities.
Service Life Extension Systems engineers are involved in service life extension efforts in the same way that they are involved in updates, upgrades, and modernization of systems. Industrial engineers are involved in service life extension efforts in the same way that they are involved in updates, upgrades, and modernization of systems.
System Maintenance Systems engineers participate in defining requirements for maintenance across the life cycle of the system, determine the impact of maintenance constraints on the system requirements and the system architecture (Walden, et al. 2015: 97-98). Industrial engineers provide engineering support to production processes maintenance and system maintenance to sustain operation of production and service processes and systems.  
Logistics Systems engineers participate in defining requirements for logistics across the life cycle of the system, determine the impact of maintenance constraints on the system requirements and the system architecture (Walden, et al. 2015: 97-98). Industrial engineers are very involved in logistics planning and operations including supply chain management, transportation, and distribution.
Disposal and Retirement Systems engineers identify requirements, define the architecture, and verification and validation of disposal and retirement needed to the disposition or retire the system of interest, e.g., nuclear material stabilization processes and equipment needed to disposition fissile nuclear materials to enable shutdown of the nuclear production facilities (Kenley, et al. 1999). Industrial engineers plan for disposal and retirement as part of their product design process.  Increasingly, industrial engineers must consider environmental impact and sustainability issues.

Roles in a System Life Cycle

Systems engineers and industrial engineers play important roles in a system life cycle. Figure 4 modifies a format from Buede and Miller (2016). It shows the system life cycle stages and, based on analysis in the previous section, identifies and summarizes the major roles of systems engineers, industrial engineers, and design engineers.  Some processes have been aggregated to simplify the figure.

Figure 4. Roles in a System Life Cycle. (SEBoK Original, adapted from Driscoll 2011)

Summary

In summary:

  • The SEBoK SE and Management Part is based on an ISO standard. IE has several related ISO standards. IISE does not link its body of knowledge to standards.
  • The SEBoK is more process focused, while IISEBoK focuses more on concepts and techniques.
  • SE and IE have overlapping bodies of knowledge.
  • The SEBoK and INCOSE's SE Handbook align with the system life cycle. The IISEBoK does not have an analogous organizing structure.
  • Systems engineers and industrial engineers both play important roles in the system life cycle with some overlapping responsibilities.

References

Works Cited

Buede, D.M, W.D. Miller. 2016. The Engineering Design of Systems: Models and Methods. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley.

DA PAM 70-3. 2008. Army Acquisition Procedures. Pamphlet, January 28, 2008, Washington, DC, USA: Department of the Army.

Environmental Protection Agency. Guidelines for Preparing Economic Analyses. Accessed November 19, 2021. Available at https://www.epa.gov/environmental-economics/guidelines-preparing-economic-analyses.

IISE. 2021. IISE Body of Knowledge. Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers (IISE). Accessed May 13, 2022. Available at https://www.iise.org/BodyofKnowledge.

Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers website. Origins of IISE. Accessed November 13, 2021. Available at https://www.iise.org/details.aspx?id=295.

International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) website. What is systems engineering? Accessed February 17, 2022. Available at https://www.incose.org/about-systems-engineering/system-and-se-definition/systems-engineering-definition.

International Organization for Standardization, standards website. Accessed November 14, 2021. Available at https://www.iso.org/standards.html.

ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288, 2015. Systems and software engineering-System life cycle processes. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization.

Jenkins, D.R. 2000. Boeing 747-100/200/300/sp. Airliner tech series, version 6. North Branch, MN, US: Specialty Press Publishers and Wholesalers.

Kenley, B., B. Scott, B. Seidel, D. Knecht, F. Southworth, K. Osborne, N. Chipman, and T.A. Creque. 1999. "Program to Stabilize Nuclear Materials as Managed by the Plutonium Focus Area." Proceedings of Waste Management 1999. Tucson, AZ, US.

Levis, A.H. and L.W. Wagenhals. 2000. "C4ISR architectures: I. Developing a Process for C4ISR Architecture Design" Systems Engineering. 3(4): 225-247.

Raz, A.K., C.R. Kenley, and D.A. DeLaurentis. 2018, "System Architecting and Design Space Characterization". Systems Engineering. 21(3): 227-242.

Salvendy, G. (ed.) 2001. Handbook of Industrial Engineering, Technology and Operations Management, 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Van De Ken, M., J. Talik, and J. Hulse. 2012. "An Introduction to Applying Systems Engineering to In-Service Systems," Proceedings of the 2012 INCOSE International Symposium. 22(1):879-894. Rome, Italy. Accessed May 25, 2023. Available at https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2334-5837.2012.tb01377.x.

Wagenhals, L.W., S. Haider, and A.H. Levis. 2003. "Synthesizing Executable Models of Object-Oriented Architectures." Systems Engineering, 6(4): 266-300.

Wagenhals, L.W., I. Shin, D. Kim, and A.H. Levis. 2000. "C4ISR architectures: II. A Structured Analysis Approach for Architecture Design." Systems Engineering, 3(4): 248-287.

Walden, D.D., G.J. Roedler, K.J. Forsberg, R.D. Hamelin, and T.M. Shortell (ed.). 2015. INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook: A Guide for System Life Cycle Processes and Activities, 4th Edition. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley.

Wymore, A.W. 1993. Model-Based Systems Engineering: An Introduction to The Mathematical Theory of Discrete Systems and to The Tricotyledon Theory of System Design. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press.

Zandin, K.B. (ed.). 2001. Maynard's Industrial Engineering Handbook, 5th ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill.

Primary References

Salvendy, G. (ed.) 2001. Handbook of Industrial Engineering, Technology and Operations Management, 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Zandin, K.B. (ed.). 2001. Maynard's Industrial Engineering Handbook, 5th ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill.

Additional References

none.

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