Difference between revisions of "Systems Science"

Revision as of 22:30, 18 November 2023

Lead Author: Rick Adcock, Contributing Authors: Gary Smith

This knowledge area (KA) provides a guide to some of the major developments in systems sciencesystems science, which is an interdisciplinary field of science that studies the nature of complexcomplex systemssystems in nature, society, and engineeringengineering.

This is part of the wider systems knowledge which can help to provide a common language and intellectual foundation, and make practical systems conceptsconcepts, principlesprinciples, patternspatterns and tools accessible to systems engineeringsystems engineering (SE) as discussed in the Introduction to Part 2.

Topics

Each part of the SEBoK is divided into KAs, which are groupings of information with a related theme. The KAs, in turn, are divided into topics. This KA contains the following topics:

Introduction

Systems science brings together research into all aspects of systems with the goal of identifying, exploring, and understanding patterns of complexitycomplexity and emergenceemergence which cross disciplinary fields and areas of application. It seeks to develop interdisciplinary foundations which can form the basis of theories applicable to all types of systems, independent of elementelement type or application; additionally, it could form the foundations of a meta-discipline unifying traditional scientific specialisms.

The History of Systems Science article describes some of the important multidisciplinary fields of research of which systems science is composed.

A second article presents and contrasts the underlying theories and origins behind some of the classic system approachessystem approaches taken in applying systems science to real problems.

People who think and act in a systems way are essential to the success of both research and practice. Successful systems research will not only apply systems thinkingsystems thinking to the topic being researched but should also consider a systems thinking approach to the way the research is planned and conducted. It would also be of benefit to have people involved in research who have, at a minimum, an awareness of system practice and ideally are involved in practical applications of the theories they develop.

References

Works Cited

None.

Primary References

Checkland, P. 1999. Systems Thinking, Systems Practice. New York, NY, USA: John Wiley & Sons.

Bertalanffy, L. von. 1968. General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications, Revised ed. New York, NY, USA: Braziller.

Flood, R.L. 1999. Rethinking the Fifth Discipline: Learning within the Unknowable. London, UK: Routledge.

Additional References

None.

< Previous Article | Parent Article | Next Article > SEBoK v. 2.9, released 20 November 2023

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-This article summarizes the primary principles and concepts commonly used to describe [[System (glossary)|Systems (glossary)]].
+----
-==Topics==
+'''''Lead Author:''''' ''Rick Adcock'', '''''Contributing Authors:''''' ''Gary Smith''
-The topics contained within this knowledge area include:
+----
-*[[History of System Science]]
+This knowledge area (KA) provides a guide to some of the major developments in {{Term|Systems Science (glossary)|systems science}}, which is an interdisciplinary field of science that studies the nature of {{Term|Complex (glossary)|complex}} {{Term|System (glossary)|systems}} in nature, society, and {{Term|Engineering (glossary)|engineering}}.
-*[[System Methodology]]
-*[[Complexity]]
-*[[Emergence]]
-==Principles and Concepts==
+This is part of the wider systems knowledge which can help to provide a common language and intellectual foundation, and make practical systems {{Term|Concept (glossary)|concepts}}, {{Term|Principle (glossary)|principles}}, {{Term|Pattern (glossary)|patterns}} and tools accessible to {{Term|Systems Engineering (glossary)|systems engineering}} (SE) as discussed in the [[Foundations of Systems Engineering|Introduction to Part 2]].
-[[General System Theory (glossary)]] [[Acronyms|(GST)]] (von Bertalanffy, 1968) considers the similarities between systems from different domains as a set of common systems principles and concepts.  GST enables comparisons between systems that rely on different technologies, judging the goodness or completeness of a system, and developing domain-independent systems approaches which can form the basis of disciplines such as Systems Engineering.
+==Topics==
+Each part of the SEBoK is divided into KAs, which are groupings of information with a related theme. The KAs, in turn, are divided into topics. This KA contains the following topics:
-*A '''principle''' is a rule of conduct or behavior.  To take this further, a principle is a “basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct.” [WordWeb.com]  A principle can also be thought of as a “basic truth or law or assumption.” [ibid.]
+* [[History of Systems Science]]
+* The origins of [[Systems Approaches]]
-*A '''concept''' is an abstraction; a general idea inferred or derived from specific instances.  For example, by viewing a pet dog, one can infer that there are other dogs of that “type.”  Hence, from this observation (or perhaps a set of observations) the concept of a dog is developed in one's mind. Concepts are bearers of meaning, as opposed to agents of meaning and can only be thought about, or designated, by means of a name.
+* [[Complexity]]
+* [[Emergence]]
-Principles depend on concepts in order to state a “truth.”  Hence, principles and concepts go hand in hand; principles cannot exist without concepts and concepts are not very useful without principles to help guide the proper way to act (Lawson and Martin 2008).
+==Introduction==
+Systems science brings together research into all aspects of systems with the goal of identifying, exploring, and understanding patterns of {{Term|Complexity (glossary)|complexity}} and {{Term|Emergence (glossary)|emergence}} which cross disciplinary fields and areas of application. It seeks to develop interdisciplinary foundations which can form the basis of theories applicable to all types of systems, independent of {{Term|Element (glossary)|element}} type or application; additionally, it could form the foundations of a meta-discipline unifying traditional scientific specialisms.
+The [[History of Systems Science]] article describes some of the important multidisciplinary fields of research of which systems science is composed.
-GST tends to concentrate on the principles and philosophy behind this idea.  “''Despite the importance of system concepts … we do not yet have a unified or integrated set (i.e. a system) of such concepts''” (Ackoff, 1971).
+A second article presents and contrasts the underlying theories and origins behind some of the classic {{Term|Systems Approach (glossary)|system approaches}} taken in applying systems science to real problems.
-While many researchers and practitioners have created GST concepts, these tend to be a stepping stone to theories and approaches.  This situation is made worse by the variety of domains and disciplines in which systems research is conducted and reported.  Ackoff proposes a '''system of "system concepts"''' to bring together the wide variety of concepts which have been proposed.  His 30 distinct concepts are grouped under four headings, or principles, “'''How Systems are formed'''”; “'''How Systems Change'''”; “'''How Systems Behave'''” and “'''How Systems Adapt and Learn'''”.
+People who think and act in a systems way are essential to the success of both research and practice. Successful systems research will not only apply {{Term|Systems Thinking (glossary)|systems thinking}} to the topic being researched but should also consider a systems thinking approach to the way the research is planned and conducted. It would also be of benefit to have people involved in research who have, at a minimum, an awareness of system practice and ideally are involved in practical applications of the theories they develop.
-Lawson describes a system of "system concepts" (Lawson 2010) where systems are categorized according to Fundamental concepts, Types, Topologies, Focus, Complexity and Roles. Hitchins (Hitchins, 2009) defines a similar set of principles which also consider some of the issues of hierarchy and complexity of particular relevance to a system approach.
-The Systems Concept Knowledge Area identifies a set of '''System Principles''', against which the important System Concepts taken from a range of [[Systems Science (glossary)]] sources have been described.  These concepts form a set of axioms, assumptions, and premises which can be applied to both the understanding of [[Natural System (glossary)| Natural Systems (glossary)]] and [[Social System (glossary)|Social Systems (glossary)]]; and to the understanding and/or intervention in [[Engineered System (glossary) | Engineered Systems (glossary)]] or [[Sociotechnical System (glossary)|Sociotechnical Systems (glossary)]].
-The System Principles are summarized here, and used to organize the concepts in [[Overview of System Concepts]]:
-#'''Wholeness''': all systems are formed from groups of related elements into a whole with an observable shared identity in an environment.
-#'''Behavior''': all systems exhibit behaviors resulting from the interaction between elements.
-#'''Survival Behavior''': all systems have one or more stable state, and will act to sustain those states against environmental pressures of disturbances.
-#'''Goal Seeking Behavior''': some systems will exhibit more complex combinations of behavior to create the functions needed to complete specific goals or broader objectives.
-#'''Control''': all systems have regulation and control mechanism to guide their behaviors.
-#'''Effectiveness''': some systems are able to assess their effectiveness against a desired objective and to adaption and learn to sustain and improve that effectiveness
-#'''Hierarchy''': all systems form hierarchical structures, additional behaviors will emerge within the hierarchy due to interactions between system elements.
-#'''Complexity''': at some levels of a hierarchy systems are sufficiently complex that they can only be understood, used or changed through a Systems Approach.
-One of the purposes of this part of the SEBoK is to identify those aspects of systems science which apply to Systems Engineering, through the application a [[Systems Approach (glossary)]] within a defined [[System Context (glossary)]].  The topics of Hierarchy, Complexity and Emergence help identify which systems benefit from being viewed through a Systems Approach, and how to tailor that approach to suit the kinds of problems and appropriate solutions.
 ==References==
 ===Works Cited===
+None.
-Bertalanffy, L. von. 1968. ''General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications,'' Revised ed. New York, NY, USA: Braziller.
-Ackoff, R.L. 1971. "Towards a System of Systems Concepts". ''Management Science.'' 17(11).
-Hitchins, D. 2009. "What Are the General Principles Applicable to Systems?" ''Insight'' 12(4).
-Lawson, H. 2010. ''A Journey Through the Systems Landscape''. London, UK: College Publications, Kings College.
-Lawson, H., and J.N. Martin. 2008. "On the Use of Concepts and Principles for Improving Systems Engineering Practice". Proceedings of the 18th Annual International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) International Symposium, 5-19 June 2008, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
 ===Primary References===
 Checkland, P. 1999. ''[[Systems Thinking, Systems Practice]].'' New York, NY, USA: John Wiley & Sons.
-Hitchins, D. 2007. ''[[Systems Engineering: A 21st Century Systems Methodology]]''. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons.
+Bertalanffy, L. von. 1968. ''[[General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications]],'' Revised ed. New York, NY, USA: Braziller.
-Hitchins, D. 2009. "What are the General Principles Applicable to Systems?" ''Insight.'' 12(4).
-Page, S.E. 2009. ''[[Understanding Complexity]]''. The Great Courses. Chantilly, VA, USA: The Teaching Company.
-Sheard, S. A. and A. Mostashari. 2008. "[[Principles of Complex Systems for Systems Engineering]]." ''Systems Engineering.'' 12(1): 295-311.
+Flood, R.L. 1999. ''[[Rethinking the Fifth Discipline]]: Learning within the Unknowable.'' London, UK: Routledge.
 ===Additional References===
-No additional references have been identified for version 0.75. Please provide any recommendations on additional references in your review.
+None.
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-<center>[[System Concepts|<- Previous Article]] | [[Systems|Parent Article]] | [[History of System Science|Next Article ->]]</center>
+<center>[[Cycles and the Cyclic Nature of Systems|< Previous Article]] | [[Foundations of Systems Engineering|Parent Article]] | [[History of Systems Science|Next Article >]]</center>
+<center>'''SEBoK v. 2.9, released 20 November 2023'''</center>
-[[Category:Part 2]][[Category:Knowledge Area]]
+[[Category:Part 2]][[Category:Knowledge Area]][[Category:Systems Science]]