Difference between revisions of "Further Insights into Geospatial/Geodetic Engineering"

From SEBoK
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Tag: visualeditor-switched
(added first version on geospatial bodies of knowledge)
Tag: visualeditor-switched
Line 1: Line 1:
 
This article is part of the Systems Engineering and Geospatial/Geodetic Engineering (GGE) Knowledge Area. It discusses in more detail a selected set of topics that a beginner in geographic information systems and science or a systems engineer adopting respective techniques might be interested in and/or should be aware of. Topics discussed include bodies of knowledge on geospatial technologies, various aspects associated with geographic data, and standardization in the geospatial domain.
 
This article is part of the Systems Engineering and Geospatial/Geodetic Engineering (GGE) Knowledge Area. It discusses in more detail a selected set of topics that a beginner in geographic information systems and science or a systems engineer adopting respective techniques might be interested in and/or should be aware of. Topics discussed include bodies of knowledge on geospatial technologies, various aspects associated with geographic data, and standardization in the geospatial domain.
 +
 
==GIS related Bodies of Knowledge==
 
==GIS related Bodies of Knowledge==
−
In order to provide an improved overview of what topics are related to geospatial and geodetic engineering, a closer insight into existing bodies of knowledge shall be provided.
+
The emphasis of the article “[[Overview of Geospatial/Geodetic Engineering]]” was to focus on to what extent systems and systems of systems are dependent on related technologies and where potential interfaces or contributions are. In order to provide now an improved but still brief overview of what topics are related in general to geospatial and geodetic engineering and how broad the geospatial domain actually is, a high-level introduction into existing bodies of knowledge in the geospatial domain shall be provided.
 +
 
 +
The work on a body of knowledge for the geospatial domain actually goes back into the 1980s (cf. Kemp & Goochild 1991, cited in Stelmaszczuk-Górska et al. 2020), and since then at least two major workstreams have evolved. One in the United States that culminated 2006 in the publication of Edition 1 of the Geographic Information Science and Technology Body of Knowledge (GISTBoK) by the [https://www.ucgis.org/ University Consortium for Geographic Information Science (UCGIS)] (DiBiase et al. 2006). For the Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT) discipline, a refinement was elaborated by the [https://usgif.org/ United States Geospatial Intelligence Foundation (USGIF)]. The UCGIS GISTBoK also formed the nucleus for the other workstream in Europe which started with the [http://www.gi-n2k.eu/ GI-N2K: Geographic Information – Need to Know] project (Vandenbroucke and Vancauwenberghe 2016) that aimed to better reflect European aspects in a BoK and to provide an ontological structure of concepts and relationships (Hofer et al. 2020). The European workstream was then further pursued as part of the [http://www.eo4geo.eu/ Earth Observation for Geoinformation project (EO4GEO)] that refined and extended the work from GI-N2K (Stelmaszczuk-Górska et al. 2020; Hofer et al. 2020).
 +
 
 +
===UCGIS: Geographic Information Science and Technology Body of Knowledge (GISTBoK)===
 +
For the 2006 GISTBoK a hierarchical decomposition of the geospatial domain was conducted into 10 Knowledge Areas which were again divided into 73 Units and then into 329 Topics. There were over 1600 Learning Objectives listed in these topics. With the update that began in 2013 (Wilson 2014), there are also 10 Knowledge Areas in the current GISTBoK but have changed versus the 2006 version. As of beginning of 2022, there are 54 Units and 363 Topics. The current Knowledge Areas are:
 +
* Foundational Concepts, with 7 Units and 35 Topics;
 +
* Knowledge Economy, with 4 Units and 20 Topics;
 +
* Computing Platforms, with 5 Units and 28 Topics;
 +
* Programming and Development, with 5 Units and 23 Topics;
 +
* Data Capture, with 8 Units and 35 Topics;
 +
* Data Management, with 7 Units and 53 Topics;
 +
* Analytics and Modeling, with 9 Units and 70 Topics;
 +
* Cartography and Visualization, with 6 Units and 36 Topics;
 +
* Domain Applications, with 44 Topics (with no categorization into Units); and
 +
* GIS&T and Society, with 3 Units and 19 Topics.
 +
It should be noted however that the GISTBoK is constantly evolving and for the latest version the respective [https://gistbok.ucgis.org/ GISTBoK online resource] has to be checked. Additionally, a unique feature of this BoK is that many Topics are linked with respective articles providing insights into the subjects at hand. The UCGIS also provides at its web site besides to access to the [https://www.ucgis.org/gis-t-body-of-knowledge UCGIS BoK] information on open educational resources on GIS and GIScience.
 +
 
 +
===USGIF: GEOINT Essential Body of Knowledge===
 +
Aside to the activities hosted by the UCGIS that were mainly driven by academia, the USGIF published in 2014 the first version of its GEOINT Essential Body of Knowledge that targeted the GEOINT discipline. It was based amongst others on the 2006 GISTBoK (DiBiase et al. 2006) but extending it where necessary to better reflect the extended needs of GEOINT and related industries. The second version (Brooks et al. 2019) was published in 2019 after an 18 months period of preparation with a survey in the GEOINT community and involving various subject matter experts to interpret the results of the survey. It serves as a guide what skills are required in the GEOINT discipline and acts as a blueprint for respective Certified GEOINT Professional exams (Brooks et al. 2019; Baber 2018). The GEOINT Essential Body of Knowledge version 2.0 is divided into three parts. The first one is related to “Technical Competencies” with the following areas:
 +
* GIS & Analysis Tools;
 +
* Remote Sensing & Imagery Analysis;
 +
* Geospatial Data Management; and
 +
* Data Visualization.
 +
The second part is related to “Cross Functional Competencies” which cover general skills like soft skills or common GEOINT knowledge and practices suitable for the GEOINT practitioner, whereas the third part is looking at “Emerging Competencies”, like data science, machine learning techniques, virtual reality and artificial intelligence, unmanned aerial platforms.
 +
It is worth to mention that USGIF also publishes since 2015 the “State and Future of GEOINT Reports” on a yearly basis. These may also serve as a general reference on future trends in geospatial technologies.
 +
 
 +
===Europe: The "GI-N2K: Geographic Information - Need to Know" and the "EO4GEO: Earth Observation for Geoinformation" BoKs===
 +
The GI-N2K project funded by the EU Erasmus Lifelong Learning Program and its BoK started as well with the 2006 GISTBoK (DiBiase et al. 2006) and had 10 Knowledge Areas. For these Knowledge Areas 63 sub-concepts were identified and further divided into 301 on level 3. However, in some instances level 3 was even further de-composed into level 4 and partly into level 5 concepts. At the end, 411 concepts were defined on these levels. Additional features that were provided with this BoK were curriculum design tools and a GeoWiki to enable discussion between experts.
 +
 
 +
The most recent development in European GIS-related BoKs is the EO4GEO BoK that continues and further develops as part of the Erasmus+ Sector Skills Alliance project EO4GEO the work conducted in the GI-N2K project. As Earth Observation (EO) and Geoinformation (GI) data sources, especially from the space sector, are gaining nowadays much more importance for data capture and updates of derivative data, the respective skills for data capture, information processing, standalone and combined analysis and associated applications need to be defined and matched or merged with the previous BoKs to reflect this change in academia, business and applications (Stelmaszczuk-Górska et al. 2020). An analysis revealed that “neither the American nor the European GIS&T and GI-N2K BoKs include comprehensive information on EO” (Stelmaszczuk-Górska et al. 2020). Additionally, since there was a criticism that the previous BoK were too much oriented along education driven by academia and too theoretical with a lack of practical aspects, an emphasis was made to “better align” the academically oriented EO4GEO BoK “with the business, professional, and industrial perspective” (Hofer et al. 2020) by analyzing a set of relevant business processes with regard to applicable concepts.
 +
 
 +
The [http://www.eo4geo.eu/bok/ EO4GEO BoK] has at its highest level 14 subconcepts as follows:
 +
* Analytical Methods, with 14 subconcepts;
 +
* Conceptual Foundations, with 8 subconcepts;
 +
* Cartography and Visualization, with 6 subconcepts;
 +
* Design and Setup of Geographic Information Systems, with 4 subconcepts;
 +
* Data Modeling, Storage and Exploitation, with 5 subconcepts;
 +
* Geocomputation, with 4 subconcepts;
 +
* Geospatial Data, with 4 subconcepts;
 +
* GI and Society, with 6 subconcepts;
 +
* Image processing and analysis, with 6 subconcepts;
 +
* Organizational and Institutional Aspects, with 5 subconcepts;
 +
* Physical principles, with 2 subconcepts;
 +
* Platforms, sensors and digital imagery, with 4 subconcepts;
 +
* Thematic and application domains, with 5 subconcepts; and
 +
* Web-based GI, with 7 subconcepts.
 +
 
 +
Similar as with the GIN-2K BoK, there are partly also further levels below the subconcepts. In addition to the BoK it provides an occupational profile tool, a job offer tool, a curriculum design tool, a BoK annotation tool, a BoK matching tool and other educational features. For the concepts, their names are given along with descriptions and references. A set of 5 relationships between the concepts is maintained, and skills explaining the practical use of the EO*GEO knowledge are associated with the concepts (Hofer et al. 2020). The Bok exploration is supported by a graphical tool.
  
−
BODY TEXT
 
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
 
===Works Cited===
 
===Works Cited===
−
TBD
+
Baber, M. 2018. “Geospatial Intelligence and National Security.” In: The Geographic Information Science & Technology Body of Knowledge (1st Quarter 2018 Edition), John P. Wilson (Ed.). DOI:10.22224/gistbok/2018.1.2
 +
 
 +
Hofer, B., S. Casteleyn, E. Aguilar-Moreno, E.-M. Missoni-Steinbacher, F. Albrecht, R. Lemmens, S. Lang, J. Albrecht, M. Stelmaszczuk-Górska, G. Vancauwenberghe and A. Monfort-Muriach. 2020. “Complementing the European earth observation and geographic information body of knowledge with a business-oriented perspective.” Transactions in GIS 24(3):587-601. DOI: 10.1111/tgis.12628.
 +
 
 +
Stelmaszczuk-Górska, M. A., E. Aguilar-Moreno, S. Casteleyn, D. Vandenbroucke, M. Miguel-Lago, C. Dubois, R. Lemmens, G. Vancauwenberghe, M. Olijslagers, S. Lang, F. Albrecht, M. Belgiu, V. Krieger, T. Jagdhuber, A. Fluhrer, M. J. Soja, A. Mouratidis, H. J. Persson, R. Colombo, and G. Masiello. 2020. Body of Knowledge for the Earth Observation and Geoinformation Sector - A Basis for Innovative Skills Development, Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B5-2020, 15–22, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B5-2020-15-2020 .
 +
 
 +
Vandenbroucke, D. and G. Vancauwenberghe. 2016. “Towards a New Body of Knowledge for Geographic Information Science and Technology.” Micro, Macro & Mezzo Geoinformation 2016 (6):7-19.
 +
 
 +
Wilson, J.P. 2014. Geographic Information Science & Technology Body of Knowledge 2.0 Project. Final Report 2014 University Consortium for Geographic Information Science Symposium, Pasadena, California.
 +
 
  
 
===Primary References===
 
===Primary References===
−
TBD
+
David DiBiase, Michael DeMers, Ann Johnson, Karen Kemp, Ann Taylor Luck, Brandon Plewe, and Elizabeth Wentz (Eds.). 2006. Geographic Information Science and Technology Body of Knowledge Ed. 1.
 +
 
 +
Brooks, T., Kantor, C., Spuria, L. and Quinn, K. (Eds.). 2019. The Geospatial Intelligence Essential Body of Knowledge, Version 2.0/2019, Compiled by the United States Geospatial Intelligence Foundation. January 2019. Accessed January 20, 2021. Available: https://usgif.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/ebk2019.pdf.
 +
 
 +
Website of the EO4GEO BoK. Accessed January 20, 2022. Available: http://www.eo4geo.eu/bok/.
  
 
===Additional References===
 
===Additional References===

Revision as of 12:51, 20 January 2022

This article is part of the Systems Engineering and Geospatial/Geodetic Engineering (GGE) Knowledge Area. It discusses in more detail a selected set of topics that a beginner in geographic information systems and science or a systems engineer adopting respective techniques might be interested in and/or should be aware of. Topics discussed include bodies of knowledge on geospatial technologies, various aspects associated with geographic data, and standardization in the geospatial domain.

GIS related Bodies of Knowledge

The emphasis of the article “Overview of Geospatial/Geodetic Engineering” was to focus on to what extent systems and systems of systems are dependent on related technologies and where potential interfaces or contributions are. In order to provide now an improved but still brief overview of what topics are related in general to geospatial and geodetic engineering and how broad the geospatial domain actually is, a high-level introduction into existing bodies of knowledge in the geospatial domain shall be provided.

The work on a body of knowledge for the geospatial domain actually goes back into the 1980s (cf. Kemp & Goochild 1991, cited in Stelmaszczuk-Górska et al. 2020), and since then at least two major workstreams have evolved. One in the United States that culminated 2006 in the publication of Edition 1 of the Geographic Information Science and Technology Body of Knowledge (GISTBoK) by the University Consortium for Geographic Information Science (UCGIS) (DiBiase et al. 2006). For the Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT) discipline, a refinement was elaborated by the United States Geospatial Intelligence Foundation (USGIF). The UCGIS GISTBoK also formed the nucleus for the other workstream in Europe which started with the GI-N2K: Geographic Information – Need to Know project (Vandenbroucke and Vancauwenberghe 2016) that aimed to better reflect European aspects in a BoK and to provide an ontological structure of concepts and relationships (Hofer et al. 2020). The European workstream was then further pursued as part of the Earth Observation for Geoinformation project (EO4GEO) that refined and extended the work from GI-N2K (Stelmaszczuk-Górska et al. 2020; Hofer et al. 2020).

UCGIS: Geographic Information Science and Technology Body of Knowledge (GISTBoK)

For the 2006 GISTBoK a hierarchical decomposition of the geospatial domain was conducted into 10 Knowledge Areas which were again divided into 73 Units and then into 329 Topics. There were over 1600 Learning Objectives listed in these topics. With the update that began in 2013 (Wilson 2014), there are also 10 Knowledge Areas in the current GISTBoK but have changed versus the 2006 version. As of beginning of 2022, there are 54 Units and 363 Topics. The current Knowledge Areas are:

  • Foundational Concepts, with 7 Units and 35 Topics;
  • Knowledge Economy, with 4 Units and 20 Topics;
  • Computing Platforms, with 5 Units and 28 Topics;
  • Programming and Development, with 5 Units and 23 Topics;
  • Data Capture, with 8 Units and 35 Topics;
  • Data Management, with 7 Units and 53 Topics;
  • Analytics and Modeling, with 9 Units and 70 Topics;
  • Cartography and Visualization, with 6 Units and 36 Topics;
  • Domain Applications, with 44 Topics (with no categorization into Units); and
  • GIS&T and Society, with 3 Units and 19 Topics.

It should be noted however that the GISTBoK is constantly evolving and for the latest version the respective GISTBoK online resource has to be checked. Additionally, a unique feature of this BoK is that many Topics are linked with respective articles providing insights into the subjects at hand. The UCGIS also provides at its web site besides to access to the UCGIS BoK information on open educational resources on GIS and GIScience.

USGIF: GEOINT Essential Body of Knowledge

Aside to the activities hosted by the UCGIS that were mainly driven by academia, the USGIF published in 2014 the first version of its GEOINT Essential Body of Knowledge that targeted the GEOINT discipline. It was based amongst others on the 2006 GISTBoK (DiBiase et al. 2006) but extending it where necessary to better reflect the extended needs of GEOINT and related industries. The second version (Brooks et al. 2019) was published in 2019 after an 18 months period of preparation with a survey in the GEOINT community and involving various subject matter experts to interpret the results of the survey. It serves as a guide what skills are required in the GEOINT discipline and acts as a blueprint for respective Certified GEOINT Professional exams (Brooks et al. 2019; Baber 2018). The GEOINT Essential Body of Knowledge version 2.0 is divided into three parts. The first one is related to “Technical Competencies” with the following areas:

  • GIS & Analysis Tools;
  • Remote Sensing & Imagery Analysis;
  • Geospatial Data Management; and
  • Data Visualization.

The second part is related to “Cross Functional Competencies” which cover general skills like soft skills or common GEOINT knowledge and practices suitable for the GEOINT practitioner, whereas the third part is looking at “Emerging Competencies”, like data science, machine learning techniques, virtual reality and artificial intelligence, unmanned aerial platforms. It is worth to mention that USGIF also publishes since 2015 the “State and Future of GEOINT Reports” on a yearly basis. These may also serve as a general reference on future trends in geospatial technologies.

Europe: The "GI-N2K: Geographic Information - Need to Know" and the "EO4GEO: Earth Observation for Geoinformation" BoKs

The GI-N2K project funded by the EU Erasmus Lifelong Learning Program and its BoK started as well with the 2006 GISTBoK (DiBiase et al. 2006) and had 10 Knowledge Areas. For these Knowledge Areas 63 sub-concepts were identified and further divided into 301 on level 3. However, in some instances level 3 was even further de-composed into level 4 and partly into level 5 concepts. At the end, 411 concepts were defined on these levels. Additional features that were provided with this BoK were curriculum design tools and a GeoWiki to enable discussion between experts.

The most recent development in European GIS-related BoKs is the EO4GEO BoK that continues and further develops as part of the Erasmus+ Sector Skills Alliance project EO4GEO the work conducted in the GI-N2K project. As Earth Observation (EO) and Geoinformation (GI) data sources, especially from the space sector, are gaining nowadays much more importance for data capture and updates of derivative data, the respective skills for data capture, information processing, standalone and combined analysis and associated applications need to be defined and matched or merged with the previous BoKs to reflect this change in academia, business and applications (Stelmaszczuk-Górska et al. 2020). An analysis revealed that “neither the American nor the European GIS&T and GI-N2K BoKs include comprehensive information on EO” (Stelmaszczuk-Górska et al. 2020). Additionally, since there was a criticism that the previous BoK were too much oriented along education driven by academia and too theoretical with a lack of practical aspects, an emphasis was made to “better align” the academically oriented EO4GEO BoK “with the business, professional, and industrial perspective” (Hofer et al. 2020) by analyzing a set of relevant business processes with regard to applicable concepts.

The EO4GEO BoK has at its highest level 14 subconcepts as follows:

  • Analytical Methods, with 14 subconcepts;
  • Conceptual Foundations, with 8 subconcepts;
  • Cartography and Visualization, with 6 subconcepts;
  • Design and Setup of Geographic Information Systems, with 4 subconcepts;
  • Data Modeling, Storage and Exploitation, with 5 subconcepts;
  • Geocomputation, with 4 subconcepts;
  • Geospatial Data, with 4 subconcepts;
  • GI and Society, with 6 subconcepts;
  • Image processing and analysis, with 6 subconcepts;
  • Organizational and Institutional Aspects, with 5 subconcepts;
  • Physical principles, with 2 subconcepts;
  • Platforms, sensors and digital imagery, with 4 subconcepts;
  • Thematic and application domains, with 5 subconcepts; and
  • Web-based GI, with 7 subconcepts.

Similar as with the GIN-2K BoK, there are partly also further levels below the subconcepts. In addition to the BoK it provides an occupational profile tool, a job offer tool, a curriculum design tool, a BoK annotation tool, a BoK matching tool and other educational features. For the concepts, their names are given along with descriptions and references. A set of 5 relationships between the concepts is maintained, and skills explaining the practical use of the EO*GEO knowledge are associated with the concepts (Hofer et al. 2020). The Bok exploration is supported by a graphical tool.


References

Works Cited

Baber, M. 2018. “Geospatial Intelligence and National Security.” In: The Geographic Information Science & Technology Body of Knowledge (1st Quarter 2018 Edition), John P. Wilson (Ed.). DOI:10.22224/gistbok/2018.1.2

Hofer, B., S. Casteleyn, E. Aguilar-Moreno, E.-M. Missoni-Steinbacher, F. Albrecht, R. Lemmens, S. Lang, J. Albrecht, M. Stelmaszczuk-Górska, G. Vancauwenberghe and A. Monfort-Muriach. 2020. “Complementing the European earth observation and geographic information body of knowledge with a business-oriented perspective.” Transactions in GIS 24(3):587-601. DOI: 10.1111/tgis.12628.

Stelmaszczuk-Górska, M. A., E. Aguilar-Moreno, S. Casteleyn, D. Vandenbroucke, M. Miguel-Lago, C. Dubois, R. Lemmens, G. Vancauwenberghe, M. Olijslagers, S. Lang, F. Albrecht, M. Belgiu, V. Krieger, T. Jagdhuber, A. Fluhrer, M. J. Soja, A. Mouratidis, H. J. Persson, R. Colombo, and G. Masiello. 2020. Body of Knowledge for the Earth Observation and Geoinformation Sector - A Basis for Innovative Skills Development, Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B5-2020, 15–22, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B5-2020-15-2020 .

Vandenbroucke, D. and G. Vancauwenberghe. 2016. “Towards a New Body of Knowledge for Geographic Information Science and Technology.” Micro, Macro & Mezzo Geoinformation 2016 (6):7-19.

Wilson, J.P. 2014. Geographic Information Science & Technology Body of Knowledge 2.0 Project. Final Report 2014 University Consortium for Geographic Information Science Symposium, Pasadena, California.


Primary References

David DiBiase, Michael DeMers, Ann Johnson, Karen Kemp, Ann Taylor Luck, Brandon Plewe, and Elizabeth Wentz (Eds.). 2006. Geographic Information Science and Technology Body of Knowledge Ed. 1.

Brooks, T., Kantor, C., Spuria, L. and Quinn, K. (Eds.). 2019. The Geospatial Intelligence Essential Body of Knowledge, Version 2.0/2019, Compiled by the United States Geospatial Intelligence Foundation. January 2019. Accessed January 20, 2021. Available: https://usgif.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/ebk2019.pdf.

Website of the EO4GEO BoK. Accessed January 20, 2022. Available: http://www.eo4geo.eu/bok/.

Additional References

TBD

DRAFT SEBoK Article

Retrieved from "https://sandbox.sebokwiki.org/index.php?title=Further_Insights_into_Geospatial/Geodetic_Engineering&oldid=63308"